Ni ikihe cyiza ku bigo bya leta, telefoni irinda kwangirika cyangwa telefoni irinda ikirere?

• Ubudahangarwa bw'ibyangiritse burwanya ingaruka, gukurura, kwangiza no gukoresha nabi kenshi; kwirinda ikirere birwanya amazi, ivumbi, ingese, n'imiraba y'urumuri rwa UV.
• Ku bijyanye n'itumanaho rusange ryo hanze, kurinda kwinjira no kwirinda ingaruka bigomba gusuzumwa hamwe, ntabwo ari nk'ibikoresho bitandukanye byo guhaha.
• Gukoresha mu buryo bwihutirwa bisaba ko ibintu bisobanutse neza, koroherwa no kuboneka, kandi bikaba byizewe mu gihe cy'imihangayiko, atari igikoresho gikoresha gusa.
• Amahame ngenderwaho nkaAmanota ya IEC IPnaASTM F2388bifasha mu gusobanura ibyo umuntu yiteze ku musaruro ushobora gupimwa.

Mu itumanaho rya rubanda, igisubizo gikwiye ni gake cyane "terefone idahura n'ikirere" cyangwa "terefone idahura n'ibyangiritse"; ni igikoresho gihuye n'uburyo nyabwo bwo kwangirika, uburyo bwo kuyishyiramo, n'ibisabwa kugira ngo gikemuke. Urugero, ibikoresho bifite IP66 bidafite ivumbi kandi birinzwe n'amazi akomeye nk'uko biteganywa na IEC 60529, mu gihe imbaraga z'imashini zo hanze zishobora no gukenera intego yo gutera cyane nka IK10, ikunze kugaragara mu buryo bwa IEC bwo kurinda ingaruka. Ibyo ni ingenzi kuko aho ufasha kuri sitasiyo, telefoni yo mu kigo cy'ishuri, n'agasanduku k'ubutabazi bw'ibanze ku muhanda bihura n'ingorane zitandukanye cyane. Niba urubuga rwawe rurimo guhura n'ikirere cyo hanze, uburyo abaturage muri rusange bashobora kugerwaho n'ingaruka mbi, suzumaibikoresho by'itumanaho rusange, gereranyatelefoni irinda kwangizahamwe naterefone irinda ikirere, kandi urebe niba gushyiraho nabyo bisabatelefoni yihutirwacyangwaumufatanyabikorwa mu itumanaho ry'ingandabishobora gushyigikira ibisobanuro, gushyiraho no kubungabunga.

Terefone Irwanya Abangizi Ugereranyije na Terefone Irinda Ihindagurika ry'Ikirere mu Itumanaho rya Rubanda

Telefoni irinda kwangirika yagenewe kwihanganira ikoreshwa nabi n'abantu, mu gihe telefoni irinda ikirere yagenewe kwihanganira ibidukikije; amahitamo meza ashingira ku kibazo gishobora kwangiza itumanaho mbere na mbere.

Ibigo rusange bikunze guhuza ingaruka zombi, ariko uburyo bwo gutsindwa akenshi ni bwo bugena umuryango w'ibicuruzwa. Mu cyumba cyo munsi y'ubutaka, telefoni ishobora kuba iri mu nzu ariko ikaba igifite imigeri, gukururwa, ibiceri, amazi, no gukoreshwa mu buryo butazwi kenshi. Mu gace gaparika imodoka ku nkombe, ingaruka nyamukuru zishobora kuba ingese, amazi asukwa, no gusaza kw'imirasire ya ultraviolet aho kuba ibitero bitaziguye. Dukurikije IEC 60529, IP66 bivuze kurinda umukungugu no kurwanya indege zikomeye z'amazi, ibi bikaba ingirakamaro mu gushyiraho hanze; icyakora, iryo suzuma ryonyine ntirihamya ko ridashobora kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri. Kuri ibyo, abaguzi benshi bareba kandi imbaraga zo guhangana n'ingaruka, ibifunga bidashobora kunyuramo, imigozi y'ibyuma, imigozi y'ibyuma, n'ibice bifunze.

Mu gutanga amasoko mu buryo bufatika, ikibazo si "Ese ishobora guhamagara?" ahubwo ni "Ese ishobora gukomeza guhamagara nyuma y'ibikorwa byinshi by'abaturage?" Ku mbuga zihuriramo abantu benshi, guhitamo itumanaho rikwiye ry'ibigo rusange akenshi bitangirana no kwangirika gukunze kubaho: kwangiza, kwinjira mu imashini, kwangirika kw'ibikoresho, cyangwa kutita ku kubungabunga. Niba igikoresho kigomba kwihanganira kwangirika no kubura ikirere, aho gifungirwa, keypad, terefone, n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo bigomba gusuzumwa nk'uburyo, ntabwo ari ibintu bitandukanye.

Icyo telefoni irwanya kwangiza ikemura mu by'ukuri

Telefoni idapfa kwangirika ikemura ikibazo cyo kwangiza nkana, kuyikoresha nabi kenshi, no kuyikoresha mu buryo butemewe.

Ibi bikoresho bikunze kugaragara ku magereza, aho abantu batwara abagenzi bahurira, aho abantu bahurira muri sitade, aho abantu bacumbikirwa, aho baparika imodoka. Icy'ingenzi mu buhanga si ukuramba kw'ubwiza; ni ugukomeza gukora nyuma yo gukubita, imbaraga zo gukurura, gukurura insinga, no kugerageza gufungura cyangwa gukuraho icyuma. Ibintu bisanzwe bishushanya birimo ibyuma bitagira umugese, utubuto duto, ibintu bihishe, insinga zikozwe mu cyuma cyangwa zikomejwe n'ibyuma, hamwe n'aho bifungira ibintu bigabanya aho binjirira. Mu bigo byinshi bya leta, terefone ni yo gice gishobora kwibasirwa cyane, bityo terefone idafite umugese cyangwa idafite umugese ishobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika.

Ukurikije amahame ngenderwaho, ingaruka n'ubwinjirire bigomba gufatwa ukwabyo. IEC 60529 isobanura kode ya IP yo kurinda umukungugu n'amazi, mu gihe ingaruka za mekanike zikunze gusuzumwa hakurikijwe sisitemu ya IK muri IEC 62262. Igikoresho gishobora kuba gifunze neza ariko kikavunika bitewe n'ikubitwa rikabije, cyangwa gishobora kwanga ingaruka ariko kikananirwa mu gihe cy'ubukonje. Niyo mpamvu abagura terefone zirwanya kwangiza bagomba gusaba ibimenyetso by'ibidukikije n'ibya mekanike, atari ikirego cyo kwamamaza gusa. Ku mishinga ifite ibyago byo gukoresha nabi buri gihe, icyitegererezo gikomeye cyavuye muriibisubizo bya telefoni mu ngandaakenshi birakwiriye kurusha terefone isanzwe yo hanze.

Icyo telefoni idahura n'ikirere ikemura mu by'ukuri

Terefone irinda ikirere ikemura ikibazo cyo guhura n'imvura, umunyu, umukungugu, imirasire ya UV n'ubushyuhe igihe kirekire.

Iki cyiciro gikwiriye cyane inzira zo hanze, ahantu ho ku nkengero z'inyanja, aho inganda zikorera, aho imodoka zipakira imizigo, aho bisi zipakira imizigo, aho ibidukikije, atari abakoresha, ari byo bintu byugarije cyane. Gukingira ikirere ni ukurinda ikirere, gufunga ibikoresho, gusohora amazi, no kudahungabana k'ubushyuhe. Iyo icyuma gifunga amazi cyangwa kikangirika mu mirasire ya UV, igikoresho gishobora kwangirika mbere yuko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga birangira. Amakuru ya NIST ku bikoresho ku bijyanye no kwangirika no kugabanuka k'ikirere agaragaza ko kuramba kw'inyuma biterwa n'ingaruka z'ubushuhe, umunyu, urumuri, n'ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, atari ikintu kimwe gusa.

Ku bijyanye n'itumanaho rya rusange, bivuze ko ibicuruzwa bigomba gupimwa hashingiwe ku miterere y'aho bihurira. Aho bisi ziruhukira hagomba kuba hari uburinzi bw'amazi n'ibirango bisomeka. Ahantu ho ku nkengero z'inyanja hagomba kwihanganira ubushyuhe n'umunyu n'ibikoresho birwanya ingese. Ahantu ho mu majyaruguru hashobora gukenera uburyo bwo gutangira gukoresha ubushyuhe buke no koroshya insinga mu gihe cy'ubukonje. Niba ibidukikije bikabije ariko ikoreshwa nabi rikaba rike, telefoni idahura n'ikirere akenshi ni yo ihitamo ryiza cyane. Niba ikoreshwa nabi rikabije kandi ikirere kikaba kiri hagati, telefoni idahura n'ikoreshwa nabi akenshi iba ari yo ishoramari ryiza. Iyo byombi bikabije, igisubizo ni icyuma cyo hanze gikomeye.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo hagati yabo ukurikije uko ibintu byifashishwa

Amahitamo meza agaragara iyo ushyize ku rutonde uburyo bwo gutsindwa kw'urubuga bufite ibyago byinshi.

Imbonerahamwe iri hepfo itanga ishusho ishingiye ku kugura uburyo bwo guhamagara itumanaho rusange. Ntabwo bihagije kubaza aho telefoni ishyirwa; ugomba kumenya abashobora kuyigeraho, inshuro ikoreshwa, n'icyatuma ipfa mbere.

Mu mishinga myinshi ya leta, icyemezo gishobora kugabanywa kikagera ku bibazo bitatu: ese aho hantu hahura n’ikirere, ese igikoresho gihura n’abantu, kandi ni ikihe gishobora kubangamira guhamagara mu buryo bwihutirwa? Niba igisubizo cya byose uko ari bitatu ari yego, imiterere ikomeye irakwiye nubwo igiciro cyo kugura cyaba kiri hejuru. Ibyo ni ukuri cyane cyane iyo telefoni ari igice cya sisitemu yagutse y’itumanaho rusange irimo nasisitemu za intercomcyangwaInteruro yo kugenzura ubwinjiriro.

Amahame ngenderwaho, amanota, n'uburyo bwo gupima bifite akamaro

Ibikoresho by'itumanaho bya leta bigomba gutoranywa hakoreshejwe ibisabwa bishobora gupimwa, ntabwo ari inyito zidasobanutse neza.

Ahantu fatizo hakoreshwa cyane mu gufunga hanze ni IEC 60529, isobanura amanota ya IP nka IP65, IP66, na IP67. IP65 bivuze kudafata ivumbi kandi irinzwe n'amazi; IP66 bivuze kudafata ivumbi kandi irinzwe n'amazi akomeye; IP67 bivuze kudafata ivumbi kandi irinzwe kwibira by'agateganyo kugeza kuri metero 1 mu gihe cy'iminota 30 hakurikijwe imiterere isanzwe y'ikizamini. Ku bijyanye no kwirinda ingaruka, IEC 62262 ikoresha igipimo cya IK, aho IK10 ihwanye na joules 20 z'ingufu z'ingaruka. Iyo mibare si ururimi rwo kwamamaza; ni ururimi rwo kugura.

Komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho muri Amerika inagaragaza ibisabwa mu gutanga amakuru yihutirwa n'umutekano rusange mu rwego rwa politiki yagutse, kandi abaguzi benshi ba leta bakoresha ibyo byitezwe kugira ngo bahuze intego zo gukora no kugera ku bantu. Ku bijyanye no kurwanya ubwandu cyangwa ahantu hakorerwa isuku nyinshi, hari igihe amatsinda y’ibigo agisha inama.Ubuyobozi bwa CDC mu kurwanya ubwandumu gihe cyo guhitamo ahantu hakorerwa isuku, cyane cyane iyo ahantu hahurira abantu benshi. Ku matsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko, isomo ry'ingirakamaro ni iryoroshye: saba kode nyayo ya IP, ikizamini nyacyo cy'ingaruka, uburyo nyabwo bwo gushyiraho, n'uburyo nyabwo bwo kubona serivisi.

Impamvu itumanaho ry’ibigo bya leta ritagenda neza mu buzima busanzwe

Ibyinshi mu bibazo byo gutumanaho mu bigo rusange bibaho bitewe nuko imiterere y’aho byashyizwemo yagabanutse, atari ukubera ko urusobe rw’amajwi rutakozwe neza.

Ubusanzwe ibintu binaniranye mu buzima busanzwe bibarirwa mu byiciro bitanu: ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri, kwinjira mu mazi, ingese, kwanduzwa, guhagarika ingufu, no kutabasha kumva neza amajwi. Terefone isa neza ishobora gucika intege niba icyuma giterekwaho gifunguye, ifunga rigasaza, cyangwa buto yo guhamagara ikagorana kuyisanga iyo umuntu ananiwe kuyimenya. Mu bintu birimo urusaku, gusobanukirwa ni ingenzi. Igikoresho gishobora guhamagara cyane ariko kikananirwa kuyikoresha niba mikoro cyangwa indangururamajwi zidashobora guca urusaku rwo mu kirere. Sisitemu z'amajwi zo mu nganda akenshi zibanda ku rwego rw'amagambo ahora yumvikana kuruta urusaku rwo inyuma, niyo mpamvu imiterere y'amajwi ifite akamaro nk'imiterere y'amajwi.

Mu bihe byihutirwa, igihe cyo gusubiza ni kimwe mu bigize ibicuruzwa. Iyo aho uhamagara ari hato cyane, hihishe cyane, cyangwa hadakomeye cyane, abakoresha ntibazabyizera. Bityo, ibigo bya leta bigomba gupima ko bigaragara, ko bikora intambwe imwe, ko gants zishobora gukoreshwa neza, kandi ko zikora neza. Itegeko ryoroshye rirakurikizwa: uko ibidukikije birushaho kutamenyekana kandi bikagira imihangayiko, ni ko terefone irushaho kuboneka, ikamenyekana, kandi igakoreshwa mu masegonda make.

Icyo ugomba kwibaza mbere yo kugura telefoni y'itumanaho rusange

Abaguzi b'abahanga bagereranya ibyago, aho kugereranya ibirego by'udutabo.

1. Ni ikihe kibazo gikomeye: kwangiza ibintu, ikirere, ingese, cyangwa byose uko ari bitatu?
2. Ni iyihe ngero ya IP ikenewe ku gice cyo gushyiraho: IP65, IP66, cyangwa IP67?
3. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kurwanya ingaruka bukenewe: ese IK10 ni ngombwa, cyangwa urwego rwo hasi rwemewe?
4. Ese igikoresho kizakoreshwa mu bihe byihutirwa bisaba gukoraho rimwe gusa?
5. Ese iyi mashini ishobora gusuzumwa idasenye ishyirwamo ryose?
6. Ese ibikoresho byo gusimbuza, imigozi, n'amabuto birahari kugira ngo bitangwe igihe kirekire?

Ku matsinda y'imishinga, ibi bibazo bigabanya isubiramo rihenze. Telefoni irinda ikirere kandi yoroshye kuyisukamo ariko yoroshye kuyifungura ntikwiranye neza n'aho bisi zihagarara. Telefoni irinda kwangirika ikomeza kwangirika ariko ikangirika mu mwuka w'umunyu ntikwiranye neza n'inzira y'inyanja. Ibisobanuro nyabyo ni iyo ikomeza kubaho mu mateka nyayo y'aho hantu, ntabwo ari iyo mu buryo bw'imitekerereze.

Imbonerahamwe yo kugereranya: telefoni irwanya kwangiza ugereranyije na telefoni idashobora kwangirika

Uburyo bworoshye bwo kugereranya ibyo byombi ni ugutandukanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abantu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku bidukikije.

Mu mishinga myinshi y’itumanaho ry’ibigo rusange, umusaruro mwiza uturuka mu guhitamo igikoresho kigoye gutsinda bitewe n’ikibazo gishoboka cyane cy’aho hantu. Niyo mpamvu amanota yo hanze adahagije ku bidukikije by’abantu benshi, kandi impamvu igikoresho gifite intwaro zikomeye gishobora kuba kidakenewe ahantu hatuje ariko hagwa imvura.

Iyo igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruvange gikomeye ari bwo buryo bwiza cyane

Igishushanyo mbonera gikomeye gikunze kuba igisubizo gihendutse cyane iyo ikoreshwa nabi n'ikirere ari ingaruka zifatika.

Ahantu henshi hahurira abantu benshi ntabwo hashobora gushyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe. Aho imodoka zitwara abantu ku nkombe hashobora guhura n’ibiza, umucanga, no kwangirika. Umupaka wa sitade ushobora guhura n’imvura, amazi yoza, n’umuvuduko w’abantu benshi. Muri ibi bihe, intego yo kugura telefoni igomba kuba ihuza ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bifunze, amazu adapfa kwangirika, ibikoresho bidashobora kwangirika, n’ibikoresho bishobora kubungabungwa. Akamaro k’ubu buryo ni uko ingaruka zo mu buzima zigabanuka: guhamagara serivisi nke, gusibangana kw’impanuka nke, no gusimbuza ibintu bike.

Ku mishinga minini, ikiguzi cy'ubuzima ni cyo cy'ingenzi kurusha igiciro gito cyo kugura. Igikoresho gihenze gato cyirinda igikorwa kimwe cyo guhamagara cyananiwe gishobora kuzigama byinshi mu kazi, mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'umutekano, no mu itakaza ry'izina. Dukurikije igenamigambi ry'umutekano rusange, itumanaho ry'agaciro kanini ni iryo abakoresha bizera bihagije kugira ngo barikoreshe mu gihe cy'imihangayiko. Niba ugereranya imirongo y'ibicuruzwa, tangira urebe niba ibyo ukeneye mu bidukikije ari byotelefoni yo muri gerezaimiterere y'uburyo bwo kubaka,terefone irinda ikireregufunga, cyangwatelefoni irinda kwangizaImiterere ihuye neza n'urubuga rwawe.

Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo ku bahanga, abayobozi b'ibigo, n'abaguzi

Uburyo bwihuse bwo guhitamo ni ugutanga amanota ku bijyanye n'ihohoterwa, ihohoterwa, n'imbogamizi zo kubungabunga urubuga.

1. Amanota y'ihungabana ry'ikirere kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 5: imbere mu nzu, hanze hihishe, ahantu hose hagaragara, ku nkombe z'inyanja, cyangwa ahantu ho gukaraba.
2. Amanota y'uko abantu bahuye n'ihohoterwa kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 5: uburyo bwo kugenzura abantu, uburyo bwo gukoresha abantu mu buryo buri ku rugero ruciriritse, cyangwa uburyo bwo kwirinda cyangwa kutamenya amakuru.
3. Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganirwa mu kubungabunga ibintu kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 5: kubona serivisi byoroshye, abakozi bake, cyangwa gushyiraho ibintu bigoye kugeraho.
4. Banza uhitemo kwirinda ikirere niba amanota y'ibidukikije ari menshi.
5. Banza uhitemo kwirinda kwangiza niba amanota y'ihohoterwa ari yo menshi.
6. Hitamo imashini ivanze kandi ikomeye niba amanota yombi ari menshi kandi igihe cyo kuruhuka kidakwiye.

Iyi gahunda ikora kuko igaragaza uburyo ibintu bicika intege. Igikoresho ntigikeneye kuba gikomeye muri buri cyiciro; gikwiye kuba gikomeye aho urubuga rufite intege nke cyane. Ubwo ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kugaragaza ibikoresho by'itumanaho bya leta hatabayeho kugura ibintu byinshi bitazigera bikoreshwa.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ikihe cyiza kuri sitasiyo y'ubwikorezi, telefoni irinda kwangirika cyangwa telefoni irinda ikirere?

Telefoni idapfa kwangirika ni nziza kuri sitasiyo y’ubwikorezi kuko ingaruka zikomeye ziba ari ukuyikoresha nabi, kuyikoresha nabi, no kuyikoresha mu ruhame, nubwo inkombe ya sitasiyo yo hanze ishobora no gusaba ko ikoreshwa mu kurinda ikirere.

Ese IP66 ihagije mu itumanaho rusange?

IP66 ikunze kuba ihagije ku ivumbi n'amazi menshi nk'uko biteganywa na IEC 60529, ariko ntabwo isimbura kurwanya ingaruka cyangwa kurinda uburinzi mu bice bihurira abantu benshi.

Ese kwirinda ikirere bivuze ko birwanya ibyangiritse?

Oya. Gukingira ikirere birinda kwangirika kw'ibidukikije, mu gihe kurwanya kwangiza birinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku mubiri no kwangirika.

IK10 ni iki kandi kuki ari ingenzi?

IK10 ni urwego rwo hejuru rwo kurwanya ingaruka muri IEC 62262 kandi ihwanye na joules 20 z'ingufu z'ingaruka, ikaba ingirakamaro mu bikorwa rusange bishobora guteza ibyago byinshi.

Ese igikoresho kimwe gishobora guhangana n'ibyangiritse ndetse n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere?

Yego. Ibigo byinshi bya leta bikoresha telefoni ikomeye ivanze ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifunze, ibikoresho bikomeye byo mu nzu, n'ibikoresho bidashobora kwangirika.

Ni ibihe bintu ngomba gushyira imbere mbere ya byose?

Shyira imbere uburyo bwo gucika intege bwahagarika itumanaho mbere na mbere: gukoresha nabi, kwinjira, kwangirika, cyangwa gushishoza kw'amajwi.

Ni gute nagabanya ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga uko igihe kigenda gihita?

Hitamo ibice bya modular, ibikoresho birwanya ingese, gushyiraho neza, n'igishushanyo gihuye n'aho igikoresho giherereye kugira ngo kidakoreshwa cyane cyangwa ngo kirindwe bihagije.