Sisitemu y'itumanaho ry'inganda ni iki kandi impamvu ari ingenzi?

Intangiriro

Mu buryo bwikora bw’inganda, itumanaho ni ibikorwa remezo biha imashini, sensor, controllers, na software gukora ku makuru amwe mu gihe gikwiye. Sisitemu y’itumanaho ry’inganda yubatswe kugira ngo ihererekanye amakuru mu buryo buhamye, iboneke cyane, kandi ikore neza mu bihe bikomeye aho gutinda cyangwa gutsindwa bishobora guhungabanya umusaruro no kwangiza umutekano. Gusobanukirwa uburyo izi sisitemu bikora bifasha gusobanura impamvu inganda zishobora gukurikirana ibikoresho mu gihe nyacyo, guhuza ibikorwa mu bikoresho byinshi, no guhuza ikoranabuhanga ry’imikorere na sisitemu z’ubucuruzi. Ibice bikurikira bigaragaza icyo sisitemu y’itumanaho ry’inganda ikubiyemo, uburyo itandukanye n’imiyoboro isanzwe, n’impamvu igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gihe cyo gukora, imikorere myiza, no kugaragara neza.

Impamvu sisitemu z'itumanaho mu nganda ari ingenzi

An sisitemu y'itumanaho ry'ingandaikora nk'urwego rw'imitsi rwo hagati rwainganda zigezweho, kugenzura ibikorwa, n'ibidukikije byikora. Bitandukanye n'imiyoboro isanzwe ya IT y'ibigo ishyira imbere bandwidth na broad connection, imiyoboro y'inganda yakozwe kugira ngo yorohereze guhanahana amakuru mu buryo nyabwo kandi mu buryo nyabwo hagati y'ibikoresho bipima, ibikoresho bikoresha ikoranabuhanga, ibyuma bigenzura imikorere (PLCs), na sisitemu zo kugenzura. Mu kuziba icyuho kiri hagati y'ikoranabuhanga rikora (OT) n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho (IT), izi sisitemu zigize ibikorwa remezo by'ibanze bikenewe mu bikorwa bya Inganda 4.0.

Ingaruka z'imari n'imikorere mu nganda zisaba imiterere yihariye y'itumanaho. Gucika intege kw'umuyoboro w'itumanaho by'igihe gito cyangwa kwiyongera cyane kw'igihe gito bishobora guteza ikibazo cyo gufunga by'agateganyo mu biro bishobora gutera kwangirika gukomeye kw'ibikoresho, ibyago by'umutekano, cyangwa ibihumbi by'amadolari mu bikoresho byangiritse ku ruganda. Kubera iyo mpamvu, sisitemu z'itumanaho mu nganda zagenewe kwemeza ko amakuru azatangwa mu gihe gikwiye kandi gishoboka, akenshi zigashingira ku bipimo by'uko umuyoboro uboneka bya 99.999% cyangwa birenga.

Uburyo barushaho kunoza igihe cyo gukora no kubona neza

Binyuze mu koroshya ihererekanyamakuru ryihuse hagati y’ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru n’uburyo bwo kugenzura no kubona amakuru ku rwego rwo hejuru (SCADA), imiyoboro igezweho yongera cyane imikorere myiza y’ibikoresho muri rusange (OEE). Gukoresha uburyo bwo kureba ibintu mu buryo buhoraho (continuous telemetry) bituma abayobozi b’inganda bava ku buryo bwo gukora ibintu butuma bakomeza gukora ibintu mu buryo butunguranye (reactive reactive models) bakajya ku buryo bwo kubungabunga ibintu mbere y’uko bitangazwa. Iyo ibikoresho bipima n’ibinyabiziga bikoresha moteri biganira neza binyuze mu miyoboro ifite bandwidth nyinshi—akenshi ikora kuri 100 Mbps ikagera kuri 1 Gbps—moteri zisesengura zishobora kubona ibintu bitameze neza mbere yuko imikorere y’ibikoresho itangira.

Uku kugaragara neza bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza kitateganijwe. Mu nganda zikora cyane, aho isaha imwe y'umusaruro uhagaze ishobora gutwara amafaranga arenga $100.000, ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ikibazo cy'umuyoboro w'itumanaho kugeza ku cyambu runaka cyangwa ku gucika k'insinga mu masegonda aho kugira ngo amasaha ahindure cyane uburyo bwo kubungabunga. Porogaramu zigezweho zo gusuzuma zishyirwa muri sisitemu y'itumanaho zitanga ukuri ku buzima bw'umuyoboro w'itumanaho, zigabanya gutinda gukemura ibibazo no kongera igihe cyo gukora.

Impamvu imikoranire, icyerekezo, n'umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga ari ingenzi

Ikintu cy’ingenzi gitandukanya sisitemu y’itumanaho mu nganda ni determinism—ihamya ntakuka ko ubutumwa buzatangwa kandi bukakirwa mu gihe nyacyo kandi giteganyijwe. Mu bikorwa byo kugenzura imikorere, nko gukoresha amaboko ya roboti cyangwa imirongo yo gupakira yihuta cyane, jitter y’umuyoboro akenshi igomba kubikwa munsi ya microsegonda 1 gusa. Hatabayeho ubu buryo bwo kwemeza, guhuza imiterere myinshi birananirwa, bigatera inenge z’ibicuruzwa no kugongana kwa mekanike.

Gukorana neza bituma ibikoresho bitandukanye biva ku bacuruzi batandukanye bishobora gutumanaho nta mbogamizi zihari. Amabwiriza asanzwe yemerera ibikoresho guhuza imashini zihariye mu muyoboro w’inganda uhuza ikigo, bigabanyiriza ikiguzi cyo gufunga no guhuza abacuruzi. Ariko, uku kwiyongera k’itumanaho kwagura ubuso bw’ibitero. Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye z’umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane kubahiriza amahame ya IEC 62443, ntibikiri amahitamo. Sisitemu z’itumanaho mu nganda zigomba kuba zirimo kugenzura cyane paki, gutandukanya imiyoboro, no kugenzura uburyo bwo kwinjira ku rwego rwo hejuru kugira ngo zirinde ibitero byo hanze bya interineti ndetse n’impinduka mu miterere y’imbere.

Icyo sisitemu y'itumanaho ry'inganda ikubiyemo

Imiterere ya sisitemu y'itumanaho ry'inganda igizwe n'ibice byinshi, ihuza ibikoresho bifatika na porogaramu zigoye za porogaramu. Ihujwe neza na Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture, izi sisitemu zigabanya urujya n'uruza rw'itumanaho kuva ku rwego rwa 0 (ibikorwa bifatika) kugeza ku rwego rwa 3 (sistemu z'ibikorwa byo gukora) no kurenzaho. Ubu buryo bw'ibice butuma amakuru y'ingenzi yo kugenzura aguma atandukanye n'urujya n'uruza rw'ibigo bidakoresha igihe kinini.

Ibice by'ibanze n'ibice bigize

Ku rwego rw'ibanze, ibice bifatika birimo switch zikomeye, routers, gateways, na cables zagenewe kwihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije, interference ikomeye ya electromagnetic (EMI), hamwe na vibration idashira. Urugero, switch za Ethernet zo mu nganda, akenshi ziba zifite imiyoboro ya IP67, conformal coating ku mbaho ​​za circuit, hamwe n'amashanyarazi menshi kugira ngo zishobore kwihanganira imimerere mibi yo hasi y'inganda.

Hejuru y'urwego rufatika, umurongo w'amakuru n'urwego rw'ikoreshwa bikoreshaamabwiriza yihariye y'ingandagucunga urujya n'uruza rw'abantu. Amarembo n'ibikoresho bya mudasobwa bikorera nk'abahinduzi, bigahindura amakuru ya kera mu mapaki ya Ethernet agezweho. Ibi bituma imashini zishaje, zihariye, zitabira ingamba zigezweho zo gukusanya amakuru zidasabye kuvugurura ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.

Uburyo porotokoli, itangazamakuru, topolojia, n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'igihe

Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rifatika bigena cyane ubushobozi n'imbogamizi za interineti. Insinga zisanzwe z'umuringa (Cat5e cyangwa Cat6a shielded twisted pair) zirahari hose ariko zigumana umupaka ntarengwa wa metero 100 kuri buri gice. Ku bikoresho binini cyangwa ahantu hanini hafite EMI ikomeye, insinga za fiber optique zo mu buryo bumwe zirakoreshwa, zishobora kohereza amakuru mu ntera irenga kilometero 10 nta kwangirika kw'ikimenyetso.

Igishushanyo mbonera cya Topology kirushaho kugira uruhare mu guhangana n’imikorere y’imikorere y’ikoranabuhanga. Nubwo ikoranabuhanga ry’ibigo rikunze kwishingikiriza ku miterere y’inyenyeri, imiyoboro y’inganda ikunze gukoresha imiterere y’impeta cyangwa imiyoboro ya daisy kugira ngo yoroshye imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi no kwemeza ko izongera gukoreshwa. Amabwiriza nka Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) cyangwa Device Level Ring (DLR) yemerera topology y’impeta gusubirana nyuma yo gucika k’umugozi mu gihe kiri munsi ya milisegonda 50. Byongeye kandi, igihe nyacyo gishyirwa mu bikorwa binyuze muri IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), ihuza amasaha y’ibikoresho ku muyoboro w’itumanaho n’uburyo bwo gukora neza kw’impeta, bikaba ari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kugenzura ingendo buhuriweho cyane.

Uburyo Amahitamo ya Porotokole agereranywa

Gusuzuma sisitemu y'itumanaho mu nganda bisaba gusobanukirwa byimbitse uburyo bwa protocole. Impinduka kuva kuri bisi zisanzwe zikoreshwa kugeza ku mahame ngenderwaho ashingiye kuri Ethernet byahuje urwego rw'umubiri, ariko urwego rw'ikoreshwa ruracyari urw'umwihariko cyane. Guhitamo protocole ikwiye ntibigena gusa umuvuduko w'umuyoboro w'itumanaho ahubwo binagena umubare ntarengwa w'ibikoresho bishobora gushyigikira ndetse n'uburyo bihura.

Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo guhitamo protocole

Abahanga mu by’imashini bagomba gusuzuma protocole bashingiye ku bipimo by’imikorere: igihe gito cyo gukora, umubare ntarengwa w’uduce, inkunga ya topology, n’uburyo bwo gukora redundancy. Ingano y’uruganda rugenzura imikorere ishobora gusa gusaba igihe cyo gukora mu masegonda amagana, bigatuma itumanaho risanzwe rya TCP / IP rihagije. Ku rundi ruhande, imashini icapa yihuta cyane isaba igihe cyo gukora kiri munsi ya milisegonda imwe.

Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni uburyo protocole ikora neza. Politolike zimwe na zimwe zifite amafaranga menshi yo gukoresha mu gupima no gusuzuma, ibyo bikaba byemewe ku miyoboro minini ya SCADA ariko bikangiza igenzura ry’urwego rw’imashini. Guhitamo protocole bigira ingaruka cyane ku kiguzi cy’ibikoresho, kuko amwe mu mahame agenga imikorere yo hejuru asaba porogaramu zihariye (ASICs) cyangwa Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) muri buri gikoresho.

Ethernet y'inganda vs fieldbus

Imiterere ya kera ya fieldbus, nka PROFIBUS DP cyangwa Modbus RTU, ikora ku miyoboro y’itumanaho (urugero, RS-485). Iyi miyoboro irakomeye cyane kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwemeza ariko ifite imbogamizi zikomeye ku muyoboro w’itumanaho, akenshi ikaba ifite umuvuduko wa 12 Mbps kuri PROFIBUS naho ikaba iri hasi cyane ku yindi. Ni iy’urwego rw’ubuyobozi kandi igorwa no gucunga amakuru menshi asabwa na sisitemu zigezweho zo kubungabunga amakuru.

Porogaramu za Ethernet z'inganda, harimo na PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, na EtherCAT, byasimbuye cyane fieldbus mu mikoreshereze mishya. Ikorana na 100 Mbps kugeza kuri 1 Gbps, Industrial Ethernet itanga umuyoboro ukenewe wo kohereza amakuru yo kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo n'amakuru atari ayo gusuzuma mu gihe nyacyo binyuze mu muyoboro umwe. Nubwo imiyoboro ya fieldbus ikunze kugarukira kuri node 32 cyangwa 128 kuri buri gice, imiyoboro ya Industrial Ethernet ishobora kwaguka ikagera ku bikoresho ibihumbi bihujwe, mu gihe umuyoboro ugabanyijwe neza.

Ihindagurika mu gutinda, kwaguka, no gukomera

Kugira ngo umuntu agere ku gutinda gukabije cyane akenshi bisaba gutandukana mu bijyanye n’imikorere isanzwe ya network. Urugero, EtherCAT igera ku gihe cy’amasaha ari munsi ya mikorosegonda 100 kuri 1,000 I/O points zikwirakwizwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "processing on the fly". Ariko, ibi bisaba ibikoresho byihariye kuri slave nodes kandi ntibikoresha switches zisanzwe za Ethernet muri EtherCAT segment.

Ku rundi ruhande, protocole nka EtherNet/IP zishingira gusa ku bikoresho bya Ethernet bisanzwe bitarahindurwa na TCP/UDP/IP suite. Ibi byongera ubushobozi bwo kwaguka no guhuza IT/OT neza ariko bigatuma kugera ku ntego ya sub-millisecond bishingira cyane ku miterere y’umuyoboro witonze, gushyira imbere Quality of Service (QoS), hamwe na switch zicungwa neza.

Uburyo bwo Guhitamo Sisitemu Ikwiye

Gutegura no gushyiraho sisitemu ikomeye y'itumanaho mu nganda bisaba kuringaniza ibikenewe byihutirwa mu mikorere hamwe n'uburyo bwo kwagura no kurinda umutekano mu gihe kirekire. Isuzuma rya tekiniki ry'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amakuru n'igihe cyo gutinda ntirihagije; abahanga bagomba gukoresha icyerekezo cy'Ikiguzi cy'Ubucuruzi (TCO) kivuga ku kazi gahuza, kubungabunga no gukomeza, ndetse n'igikenewe cyagutse mu gihe kizaza.

Gusuzuma ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa n'ishingiro ryashyizweho

Ingamba zo kwimuka zigomba kuba zishingiye ku birindiro bihari. Mu bidukikije bya brownfield, gusimbuza burundu ibikorwa remezo bya fieldbus bya kera ntabwo ari byiza cyane mu bukungu. Ahubwo, abahuza sisitemu bashyirahoinzira za protocole n'abagenzura impandekugira ngo bashyire amakuru y’uruhererekane mu mashusho ya Ethernet, bahuza ishaje n’ishya. Abahanga mu by’imashini bagomba kubara witonze igihe cyagenwe n’aya marembo yo guhindura kugira ngo barebe ko imiyoboro yo kugenzura ikomeza kuba ihamye.

Ku mishinga yo mu karere ka Greenfield, gusuzuma uburyo amatsinda y’itumanaho ashobora kwaguka ni ingenzi cyane. Abategura igenamigambi bagomba kumenya umubare w’amatsinda y’itumanaho akenewe mu myaka icumi iri imbere. Uburyo bwiza busanzwe ni ugushushanya amatsinda y’itumanaho akoresha bandwidth itarenze 50% kugeza kuri 60% by’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukoresha amatsinda y’itumanaho n’amatsinda y’itumanaho mu gihe cyo kuyatangiza bwa mbere. Urugero, kugabanya urubuga rumwe rw’itumanaho ku bikoresho biri munsi ya 500 birinda ko amatsinda y’itumanaho yangiza imikorere y’amatsinda y’itumanaho uko ikigo kigenda gikura.

Amahame ngenderwaho yo kubahiriza amategeko, umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga, no kwizerwa

Uburyo bwo kubahiriza amategeko bugena ibanze ku mutekano w’imikorere ndetse no ku kurinda umuyoboro w’itumanaho. Aho imashini ziremereye zibangamiye ubuzima bw’abantu, sisitemu y’itumanaho igomba gushyigikira amabwiriza y’umutekano (urugero, PROFIsafe, CIP Safety) akurikiza IEC 61508. Aya masezerano akoresha amahame y’umukara kugira ngo agere ku rwego rwa 3 rw’ubuziranenge bw’umutekano (SIL 3), akareba ko amahirwe yo gutsindwa mu buryo butunguranye ari munsi ya 10^-7 ku isaha.

Muri icyo gihe, imiterere y'umuyoboro igomba guhuza na IEC 62443Igipimo ngenderwaho cy'umutekano w'ikoranabuhangaIbi bikubiyemo gushyiraho uturere dutandukanye tw’umutekano n’imiyoboro y’amazi, gushyiraho inkuta z’inganda, no gushyira mu bikorwa umutekano ukomeye w’ibyambu. Guhagarika ibyambu bifatika bitakoreshejwe no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuyungurura aderesi za MAC ku rwego rwo gusimbuza ni intambwe z’ingenzi mu kugera ku mutekano w’ibanze.

Ingamba zo gushyira mu bikorwa kugira ngo hagabanuke ibyago byo kwishyira hamwe

Gushyira ahagaragara neza bishingiye ku kwemeza neza kandi mu byiciro kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago byo guhuza. Mbere yo gushyiraho ikoranabuhanga, hagomba gukorwa ikizamini cyuzuye cyo kwakira abakoresha (FAT) kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo urujya n'uruza rw'abakoresha rugenda rwiyongera kandi rwemeze ko protocole ikorana neza. Iki cyiciro cyo gusuzuma kigomba kwemeza ko imiterere y'ubuziranenge bwa serivisi (QoS) ishyira imbere neza paki z'ubugenzuzi bw'ingenzi kuruta kohereza amakuru menshi.

Mu gihe cyo gushyira mu bikorwa imikorere y’imashini, hakenewe gukurikiza amabwiriza agenga imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi. Gushyira hasi bidakwiye cyangwa gukoresha insinga zidakingiye ahantu hafite amashanyarazi menshi bishobora guteza ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi, bigatera gutakaza paki no gucika intege mu buryo buzwiho kugorana gusuzuma. Amaherezo, gushyiraho ibanze ry’imikorere y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi—gukora inyandiko z’ubwinshi bw’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, igipimo cy’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, no gushyira mu bikorwa imitwaro ya CPU—biha itsinda rishinzwe kubungabunga amakuru akenewe kugira ngo rimenye kandi rikemure kwangirika k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mbere yuko ugira ingaruka ku musaruro.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu nyamukuru ku buryo bwo gutumanaho mu nganda
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Sisitemu y'itumanaho mu nganda ni iki?

Ni umuyoboro ukomeye uhuza sensors, PLCs, SCADA, telefoni, intercoms, n'amajwi kugira ngo amakuru n'amajwi bigende neza mu gihe nyacyo mu nganda.

Kuki sisitemu y'itumanaho mu nganda ari ingenzi kugira ngo uruganda rukore akazi karwo neza?

Bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora neza binyuze mu gutanga ibimenyetso byihuse kandi byumvikana neza no kubona neza amakosa, bigafasha amatsinda kubona ibibazo hakiri kare no gusubiza mbere yuko amakosa ahagarika umusaruro.

Ni ibihe bicuruzwa bikunze gukoreshwa ahantu habi cyangwa hateje akaga?

Amahitamo asanzwe arimo telefoni zirinda guturika cyangwa izirinda ikirere, uburyo bwo guhamagara amashusho, udusanduku two guhamagara mu gihe cy’ubutabazi bw’ibanze, sisitemu za PA, n’ibikoresho bya IP PBX/VoIP byubatswe ku rusaku, ivumbi, ubushuhe, n’ahantu hashobora guterwa n’impanuka.

Nigute nahitamo hagati y'umuringa n'umugozi w'inganda?

Koresha umuringa ukingira mu gihe cyo kwiruka metero 100 no mu gihe cyo gushyiraho ibintu bisanzwe. Hitamo fibre mu ntera ndende, ahantu hanini ho gupima ikirere, cyangwa igihe ukeneye kwitandukanya cyane no kuba inyangamugayo mu mugongo.

Kuki wahitamo Siniwo mu bijyanye n'itumanaho ry'inganda?

Siniwo itanga igishushanyo mbonera, guhuza, gushyiraho no kubungabunga ibintu hamwe, hamwe n'ibicuruzwa bishyigikiwe na ATEX, CE, FCC, ROHS, na ISO9001 bikoreshwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze, ubwikorezi, n'ibindi bikorwa bigoye.