Ni izihe mpamyabushobozi zisabwa kuri telefoni zirinda guturika

Intangiriro

Guhitamo telefoni ahantu hateje akaga bikubiyemo ibirenze ibikoresho bikomeye cyangwa igihe kirekire bateri ikora; ikibazo cy'ingenzi ni ukumenya niba ifite ibyangombwa by'umutekano bikwiye ku gace runaka, itsinda rya gazi, ibyago by'umukungugu, n'akarere ikoreshwamo. Iyi nkuru isobanura sisitemu z'ingenzi zo kwemeza zikoreshwa kuri telefoni zirinda guturika n'izifite umutekano, impamvu zigira akamaro mu kubahiriza amategeko no kugenzura ingaruka, n'uburyo bwo gusoma neza ibimenyetso by'ibikoresho. Mu mpera, uzaba ushobora gutandukanya amahame rusange, gusobanukirwa ibyo byemeza, no gusuzuma niba telefoni ikwiriye aho ukorera.

Impamvu icyemezo cya terefone gihamya ko hari ibisasu ari ingenzi

Gushyira ibikoresho by'itumanaho bigendanwa mu bintu biteje akaga bisaba kubahiriza cyane amahame yihariye y'umutekano. Terefone zirinda guturika kandi zitekanye mu buryo bwihariye zagenewe gukora neza mu bice birimo imyuka, umwuka cyangwa ivumbi rishobora gushya. Gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ibyemezo bigenga ibi bikoresho si ugukurikiza amategeko gusa; ni inkingi y'ingenzi mu gucunga ingaruka z'inganda.

Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ku isi yose zitegeka ko ibikoresho byose by’ikoranabuhanga byinjijwe mu gace kazwiho guteza akaga bigomba kuba bifite ibyangombwa bikwiye. Kudakoresha ibikoresho byemewe neza bishyira inganda mu kaga gakomeye, ibihano by’amategeko, n’ihungabana rikomeye ry’imikorere.

Ingaruka ku ngaruka ku mikorere n'ubwishingizi

Gushyira ibikoresho bigendanwa bitarahawe icyemezo cyangwa bitarahawe icyemezo gikwiye mu turere dufite ibyago byo kwiyongera mu buryo butaziguye ingaruka z’imikorere. Mu gihe habaye ikibazo mu nganda, abashinzwe iperereza bahora basuzuma iyubahirizwa ry’ibikoresho. Iyo telefoni idafite icyemezo igaragaye nk’isoko y’umuriro, cyangwa iboneka mu gice cy’ibisasu, ikigo gihura n’ingaruka zikomeye mu mategeko no mu by’imari.

Politiki z'ubwishingizi ku nzego zifite ibyago byinshi, nkapeteroli na gazecyangwa gukora imiti, birimo ingingo zikomeye zisaba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano mu karere. Gukoresha ibikoresho bitujuje ibisabwa bishobora guhita bikuraho ubwishingizi bw’inshingano z’ikigo. Byongeye kandi, inzego zishinzwe kugenzura nka OSHA (muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) cyangwa HSE (mu Bwongereza) zitanga ibihano bikomeye ku bantu batubahiriza amategeko. Amande ku bantu barenga ku bushake ashobora kurenza $150.000 kuri buri gisubizo, mu gihe ingaruka z’imari zikomoka ku ifungwa ry’ikigo zishobora kurenza $1.000.000 ku munsi mu gutakaza umusaruro.

Impamvu ibisabwa mu gutanga icyemezo bigira ingaruka ku itangwa ry'amasoko

Kubera ko ibyemezo bidaturika bigena uburyo igikoresho gikoreshwa mu buhanga, mu igeragezwa no mu gukora, bihindura cyane cyane imikorere y’ibikoresho. Ibikoresho byemewe ntibishobora gutangwa binyuze mu nzira zisanzwe z’ikoranabuhanga. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kuvugana n’abacuruza ibikoresho byihariye cyangwa abakora ibikoresho by’umwimerere (OEMs) babungabunga uburyo bukenewe bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge.

Uru ruhererekane rw’ibikoresho byihariye rugira ingaruka ku gihe cyo gutanga serivisi ndetse n’ingano ntoya zo gutumiza (MOQs). Nubwo telefoni zigendanwa zigurishwa zishobora kugurwa mu minsi, igihe cyo gutanga serivisi ku telefoni zihariye zo mu gace ka 1 cyangwa mu cyiciro cya mbere, ishami rya 1 akenshi kiba hagati y’ibyumweru 6 na 12 bitewe n’igeragezwa ry’ibikoresho n’ibisabwa cyane byo gukurikirana. Ishami rishinzwe amasoko rigomba guteganya neza igihe cy’ibikoresho, rikareba igihe cyo gutanga serivisi n’ikiguzi cy’igiciro gikenewe ku bikoresho byemewe, kugira ngo hatangwe imikorere idahagarara.

Impamyabushobozi zisabwa hakurikijwe akarere n'ibyago

Ibyemezo by’ahantu hashobora guteza akaga ntabwo bigenwa na bose. Uturere dutandukanye twishingikiriza ku buryo butandukanye bwo kugenzura kugira ngo dushyire mu byiciro umutekano w’ibikoresho. Gusobanukirwa icyemezo kireba ahantu runaka n’ubwoko bw’impanuka ni ingenzi kugira ngo isi ikurikize amategeko.

Impamyabumenyi z'ibanze zikoreshwa ku masoko yose

Imiterere y’ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije ku isi igengwa na gahunda nyinshi zikomeye zo gutanga impamyabushobozi. Nubwo hari ingamba zo guhuza ibikoresho binyuze muri IECEx, amabwiriza y’akarere aracyari ku isonga mu bisabwa mu kubahiriza amategeko.

Amasosiyete mpuzamahanga akunze gushaka ibikoresho bifite icyemezo cy’ubuziranenge bubiri cyangwa butatu (urugero, ATEX, IECEx, na UL) kugira ngo bishyire mu buryo busanzwe ibicuruzwa byabyo ku isi, nubwo ibi bikoresho byemewe ku isi yose bifite igiciro kinini.

Gazi, ivumbi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, urwego rw'ubushyuhe, n'urwego rw'ibikoresho

Impamyabumenyi zishyira mu byiciro ibyago hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bishobora gushya, amahirwe yo kuboneka kwabyo, n'aho ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije bugarukira. Muri sisitemu ya ATEX/IECEx, ibidukikije bigabanyijemo uduce (Agace ka 0, 1, na 2 ku myuka; Agace ka 20, 21, na 22 ku ivumbi). Sisitemu yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru isanzwe ikoresha Ibyiciro n'Imiterere (urugero, Icyiciro cya I, Icyiciro cya 1 cyangwa 2).

Ibikoresho bigomba kandi gupimwa ku matsinda yihariye ya Gazi (nka IIA kuri Propane, IIB kuri Ethylene, na IIC kuri Hydrogen) n'amatsinda y'ubushyuhe (T-Code). Amatsinda y'ubushyuhe agaragaza ubushyuhe ntarengwa bw'ubuso igikoresho kizageramo mu gihe cy'ikosa. Urugero, amanota ya T4 yemeza ko ubuso bw'igikoresho butazarenga 135°C, bigatuma kiba gitekanye ku myuka ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gutwika, mu gihe amanota ya T6 akomeye yemeza ko ubuso buguma munsi ya 85°C.Porogaramu zo gucukura amabuye y'agacirobisaba ibyemezo bitandukanye bya Category M1 cyangwa M2 bitewe n'ingaruka zihariye za firamp (methane) n'umukungugu w'amakara.

Ibimenyetso byo guturika cyangwa umutekano mu buryo busanzwe

Nubwo bikunze gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye mu biganiro bisanzwe, "ntibishobora guturika" na "ntibishobora guturika" bivuga uburyo butandukanye cyane bwo kurinda ibintu. Udukingirizo twirinda guturika (Ex d) twagenewe kubikamo iturika ry'imbere no gukonjesha imyuka isohoka kugira ngo idacana ikirere gikikije. Ubu buryo busanzwe butuma habaho amazu akomeye kandi akomeye y'icyuma.

Ku rundi ruhande, imiterere y’umutekano mu buryo busanzwe (IS cyangwa Ex i) ibuza ingufu z’ubushyuhe kuba. Ibikoresho bya IS bigabanya cyane ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’ubushyuhe ziboneka muri uru ruhererekane. Kuri telefoni zigendanwa, umutekano mu buryo busanzwe ni bwo buryo busanzwe, kuko butuma habaho imiterere yoroheje kandi ihamye. Kugira ngo haboneke icyemezo cya IS, uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho ubusanzwe rugengwa no gukora munsi y’umurongo w’ingufu, akenshi imiterere y’imbaraga igengwa n’umuvuduko wa 1.2V cyangwa gukurura munsi ya 100mA muri sub-circuits zikomeye.

Uburyo bwo kwemeza ko amategeko yubahirizwa uretse icyapa

Kwishingikiriza gusa ku kirango cy’umubiri cyangwa ikimenyetso cya Ex cyanditse ku gikoresho ntabwo bihagije kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko. Ibikoresho by’impimbano n’ibyemezo byarangiye bifite ingaruka zikomeye, bisaba ko amatsinda atanga serivisi n’amatsinda y’abashinzwe ibidukikije (Environment, Health, and Safety) agenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko binyuze mu nyandiko zemewe n’amategeko n’ibisobanuro bya tekiniki.

Inyandiko abaguzi bagomba gusuzuma

Kugira ngo barebe neza ko igikoresho cyujuje ibisabwa, abaguzi bagomba gusaba no gusuzuma inyandiko nyinshi z’ingenzi ku ruganda. Inyandiko y’ibanze ni Itangazo ry’Ubuziranenge (DoC), rihuza uruganda n’amahame yasabwe. Ariko, DoC igomba gushyigikirwa n’icyemezo cyemewe n’Urwego rwigenga rwabimenyesheje (nka SGS, TÜV, cyangwa UL).

Abaguzi bagomba guhuza inomero y’icyemezo iboneka ku kirango cy’igikoresho kiri kuri database ya Notified Body yo kuri interineti kugira ngo barebe ko icyemezo kitakuweho cyangwa ngo gihagarikwe. Byongeye kandi, abakora bagomba kugira Itangazo ry’Ubuziranenge (QAN) cyangwa Raporo y’Isuzuma ry’Ubuziranenge (QAR). Izi raporo zemeza ko ibikoresho by’uruganda bikorerwa igenzura rikomeye—ubusanzwe risabwa buri mezi 18—kugira ngo bemeze ko ibikoresho bikozwe mu bwinshi bihuye neza n’ibipimo by’icyitegererezo cyapimwe.

Kwemeza uturere, guhuza imikorere y'umukozi, n'impinduka mu mikorere ya firmware

Icyemezo cy’ahantu hashobora guteza akaga gikubiyemo gusa umutekano w’umuriro; igikoresho kigomba kandi gukora neza nka telefoni igendanwa y’ikigo. Abaguzi bagomba kugenzura ibyemezo by’itumanaho byo mu karere, nkaFCC(Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), CE (Uburayi), cyangwa icyemezo cya PTCRB, bireba ko igikoresho gikorera mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko kandi mu buryo bwa tekiniki ku miyoboro ya telefoni igendanwa yo mu gace.

Igikomeye ni uko ibyemezo by’umutekano by’ibanze bifitanye isano ritavanguye n’ibikoresho bya mudasobwa ndetse n’imiterere ya porogaramu yemewe y’igikoresho. Guhindura firmware itemewe cyangwa kuvugurura OS bishobora guhindura imiterere y’ubushobozi bwa poroseseri. Iyo ivugurura rya firmware itemewe rihinduye imbaraga za bateri ku rugero rwo hejuru cyane na 50mA, rishobora gusunika igikoresho hanze y’aho giherereye cyemewe n’ubushyuhe cyangwa amashanyarazi, rigahita rikuraho icyemezo cy’umutekano w’ibanze. Abaguzi bagomba kwemeza ko OEM itanga umuyoboro ugenzurwa kandi wemewe wo kuvugurura umutekano w’ikirere (OTA) n’imikorere ya firmware.

Uburyo bwo kugereranya telefoni zemewe zirinda guturika

Kugereranya telefoni zidashobora guturika bisaba gusuzuma uburyo igikoresho gihuza neza amategeko akomeye y’umutekano n’ibisabwa mu gihe gishize mu bigo. Igikoresho gifite umutekano uhagije ariko kidafite imbaraga zo gutunganya cyangwa igihe cyo gukoresha batiri kugira ngo gikore imirimo y’ingenzi mu nganda bizabangamira umusaruro w’abakozi bo mu murima.

Ibipimo by'ingenzi byo kugereranya impande n'izindi

Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma ibikoresho byemewe ku ruhande rumwe, amakipe ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kureba kure y’isuzuma rya Ex kugira ngo asuzume ibipimo bisanzwe byo kugenda kw’ibigo. Ibipimo by’ingenzi birimo ubushobozi bwa bateri, kurinda kwinjira (IP), gukora poroseseri, kureba ecran mu zuba ryinshi, no guhuza na platforms za Mobile Device Management (MDM).

Byongeye kandi, kugenzura niba igikoresho gifite Android Enterprise Recommended (AER) ni ingenzi cyane, kuko bitanga icyizere cy'ibanze cyo koroshya ikoreshwa ryacyo, kuvugurura umutekano, no kwizera ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rw'ikigo.

Ihindagurika hagati y’impamyabushobozi, kuramba, uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu, n’ikiguzi

Ubuhanga bukenewe kugira ngo hagerwe ku mutekano w’ibanze busaba impinduka zikomeye. Kugira ngo bagabanye umusaruro w’ubushyuhe n’ingufu z’amashanyarazi, abakora ibikoresho bya Zone 1 / Division 1 bagomba akenshi kugabanya umuvuduko wa poroseseri, kugabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri, no gukoresha ibice bishaje kandi byageragejwe neza aho gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

Igiciro ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi cyane. Nubwo telefoni isanzwe ikomeye ishobora kugurwa hagati y’amadolari 500 na 800, igikoresho cyemewe na Zone 2 kirinzwe neza akenshi kiri hagati y’amadolari 1,200 na 1,800. Ku bidukikije bifite imbogamizi nyinshi, Zone 1 yuzuye.terefone igendanwa ifite umutekano mu buryo bwihariyebishobora gutwara hagati ya $2,500 na $4,000 kuri buri gice. Imiryango igomba gushyira ku rutonde rw'uturere tw'ibikorwa byayo neza kugira ngo hirindwe gukabya; gushyira igikoresho cya $3,500 cya Zone 1 mu gace ka Zone 2 bitanga amafaranga y'ibanze atari ngombwa kandi bigatuma abakoresha bahangana n'ibikoresho biremereye kandi bidakora neza ugereranyije n'ibyo bisabwa cyane.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo telefoni yemewe

Guhitamo telefoni ikwiye idaturika ni inzira ikorwa mu nzego zitandukanye. Bisaba kuziba icyuho kiri hagati y’ibisabwa mu mutekano biteganywa n’amategeko agenga ikoranabuhanga, ibisabwa mu ikoranabuhanga n’umutekano by’ishami ry’ikoranabuhanga, n’ingengo y’imari igenzurwa n’amasoko.

Intambwe ku yindi y'inzira y'ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye n'ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije, ubwubatsi, n'amasoko

Guhitamo bigomba gutangirira kuri EHS ikora isuzuma ryuzuye ry’ibyago by’ikigo kugira ngo hamenyekane uturere cyangwa ibice nyabyo aho ibikoresho bizakorera, ndetse n’amatsinda yihariye ya gaze n’amatsinda y’ubushyuhe biriho. Gusobanura cyane bibuza amahitamo y’ibikoresho, mu gihe kudasobanura neza bitanga ibyago bikomeye.

Iyo hamaze gushyirwaho icyemezo cy’ibanze gikenewe, Ubwubatsi n’ikoranabuhanga bigomba gusobanura ibisabwa kuri porogaramu n’uburyo bwo guhuza. Ibi birimo kugena porogaramu zikenewe, gusuzuma uburyo Wi-Fi cyangwa LTE/5G ikoreshwa mu bice biteje akaga, no kwemeza ko MDM ihuye. IT igomba gutegeka amasezerano yo gushyigikira igikoresho yemeza nibura imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 5 yo kuvugurura patch y’umutekano. Amaherezo, Procurement ifata ibi bisobanuro bihuriweho kugira ngo ibone ibikoresho bivuye ku bacuruza bemewe, ivugana ku garanti y’igihe kirekire no gusuzuma ikiguzi cyose cyo gutunga (TCO) aho gusuzuma igiciro cy’ibikoresho by’ibanze gusa.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gufata ibyemezo byo gushyiraho amabwiriza mpuzamahanga

Ku bigo mpuzamahanga, gushyiraho uburyo bumwe bwemewe bw’ibikoresho ku isi yose bitanga umusaruro ufatika mu mikorere. Ariko, gushyiraho uburyo bwemewe bisaba guhitamo ibikoresho bifite ibyangombwa byinshi byo mu karere (urugero, ATEX ku mbuga z’i Burayi, UL/CSA ku mbuga z’Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, na IECEx ku bihugu by’Aziya na Pasifika).

Nubwo ibikoresho byemewe bibiri cyangwa bitatu bifite ikiguzi kinini cy’ibanze, inyungu y’igihe kirekire ni ingenzi. Gukoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe kuri platform imwe bigabanya amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga binyuze mu kwemerera MDM kuba ifite imiterere imwe n’ibikoresho bya porogaramu. Byongeye kandi, byoroshya uburyo bwo kubungabunga ububiko bw’ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi. Isesengura ry’inganda rigaragaza ko guhuza SKU z’ibikoresho byihariye ku isi bishobora kugabanya amafaranga y’ibikoresho by’ibindi ku kigero cya 20% kugeza kuri 30%, mu gihe bigabanya cyane umutwaro w’ubuyobozi wo gukurikirana imikorere y’uturere dutandukanye.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi kuri telefoni zirinda guturika
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ibihe byangombwa bikunze gukenerwa kuri telefoni zirinda guturika?

Biterwa n'akarere n'ibyago. Ibyemezo rusange ni ATEX kuri EU, IECEx ku mishinga mpuzamahanga, UL/CSA HazLoc kuri Amerika ya Ruguru, NEPSI kuri Ubushinwa, na INMETRO kuri Brezili.

Namenya nte ko telefoni ikwiriye ahantu hashobora guteza akaga?

Huza icyemezo cya telefoni n'urwego rw'urubuga rwawe: Akarere cyangwa Icyiciro/Icyiciro, itsinda rya gaze cyangwa ivumbi, n'urwego rw'ubushyuhe. Ikimenyetso kiri ku cyemezo n'izina bigomba guhuzwa n'isuzuma ry'akarere kawe.

Ese icyemezo cya IECEx gihagije kuri buri gihugu?

Oya. IECEx izwi cyane, ariko ibihugu byinshi biracyakeneye uburenganzira bwo kwemererwa n'inzego z'ibanze nka ATEX, UL/CSA, NEPSI, cyangwa INMETRO. Buri gihe yemeza ibisabwa n'amategeko ku hantu ho gushyira ibikoresho.

Kuki abaguzi bagomba kwirinda telefoni zikoreshwa mu guturika ahantu haturitswa ibisasu?

Terefone zikoreshwa n'abaguzi ubusanzwe ntizemerwa ko zikoreshwa ahantu hateje akaga. Kuzikoresha bishobora guteza ibyago byo gutwika, kubangamira amategeko y'aho zikorera, kandi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwishingizi no ku mikorere y'impanuka.

Ese Siniwo ishobora gufasha gushaka telefoni zemewe zo gukoresha mu mishinga y'inganda?

Yego. Siniwo itanga ibikoresho by'itumanaho mu nganda ku bidukikije biteje akaga kandi ishobora gufasha guhuza amahitamo ya telefoni zidashobora guturika n'ibikenewe mu mishinga, ibyemezo, n'ibisabwa mu kuyikoresha.