Gukemura ibibazo bya telefoni zo mu nganda: Uburyo bwo gukemura urusaku rudahindagurika, ijwi ritagenda neza, n'ijwi rito

Intangiriro

Terefone zo mu nganda zikorera ahantu harangwa urusaku kandi hakomeye aho n'ikosa rito rishobora guhungabanya imikoranire, gutinza ubufasha bwihutirwa, cyangwa guhagarika gukora. Iyo ibibazo nk'urusaku rudahinduka, nta jwi ryo guhamagara, cyangwa amajwi adakomeye bigaragara, impamvu ishobora kuba kuva ku nsinga zangiritse no gusimbuka nabi kugeza ku kwinjira nabi kw'amazi, ibibazo by'amashanyarazi, cyangwa kwangirika kw'ibice bya telefoni. Iyi nyandiko isobanura uburyo bwo kumenya aho buri kimenyetso gituruka, ibyo ugomba kubanza gukora, n'igihe igenzura ryimbitse rikenewe. Binyuze mu nzira yo gukemura ibibazo, abasomyi bashobora kugarura itumanaho ryumvikana vuba, kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora bitari ngombwa, no gufata ibyemezo by'ubuziranenge mu nzego z'inganda zisaba ubufasha.

Impamvu gukemura ibibazo kuri telefoni mu nganda ari ingenzi

Imiyoboro y'itumanaho mu nganda isaba kwizerwa byimazeyo, ikaba ari yo nzira y'ibanze yo kugenzura ibikorwa, guhuza ibikorwa byihutirwa, no kurinda umutekano w'abakozi.ibibazo bya telefoni mu nganda, gukemura ibibazo byihuse kandi neza birakenewe kugira ngo sisitemu igaruke neza kandi hirindwe ko imirimo igabanuka.

Uburyo amakosa agira ingaruka ku gihe cyo gukora akazi no ku mutekano

Ahantu hatagaragara itumanaho habangamira mu buryo butaziguye amabwiriza y’umutekano w’ikigo. Mu nzego zishobora guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye nko gutunganya peteroli, telefoni idafite ubushobozi bwo gutabara mu gihe cy’impanuka ishobora gutinza igihe cy’ubutabazi bw’impanuka ku minota myinshi, bikaba byakongera ikibazo gito kidasanzwe kikavamo ibyago bikomeye. Byongeye kandi, igihe cyo gukora kitateganijwe gifitanye isano no kunanirwa k’itumanaho gishobora gutera ikiguzi kirenga $50.000 ku isaha mu nganda zikora. Kugumana amahame y’Ubuziranenge bw’Umutekano (SIL) 2 cyangwa SIL 3 bisaba isuzuma rikomeye no gukosora vuba ibibazo byose bya telefoni kugira ngo hamenyekane ko igihe cyo gukora kidakora.

Ni ibihe bidukikije bituma gukosora ibibazo bigorana

Uburemere bw'ibidukikije bugora cyane inzira yo gusuzuma. Abatekinisiye bakunze guhura n'imimerere y'imikorere irimo ubushyuhe buri hagati ya -40°C na +70°C, kwinjira cyane kw'uduce duto, n'ikirere cyangiza kirimo hydrogen sulfide cyangwa spray y'umunyu. Ahantu hakunze kugaragara urusaku rwinshi, akenshi rurenga 110 dB mu byumba bikomeye by'inganda cyangwa moteri zo mu mazi, hari ibintu bidasobanutse neza nk'ubwinshi bw'amajwi cyangwa static, bigatuma gusuzuma hakoreshejwe amajwi bidashoboka cyane nta bikoresho byihariye byo gupima. Byongeye kandi, ahantu hafite agaciro ka IP66 cyangwa IP67, nubwo bikenewe mu kurinda ibice by'imbere, bisaba gusenywa witonze kugira ngo winjire mu miyoboro y'imbere nta kibazo.agapfundikizo kadafata ikireremu gihe cy'igenzura.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ikibazo cy’ibanze

Gusuzuma indwara mu buryo busanzwe bisaba gushyira ibimenyetso mu byiciro runaka, bigatandukanya ibibazo biri ku rwego rw'umuyoboro w'itumanaho, ibura ry'amashanyarazi, no kwangirika kw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Ibibazo bikunze kuvugwa cyane - urusaku rudahinduka, gutakaza ijwi ry'ijwi, n'amajwi yangiritse - buri kimwe kigaragaza ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo gusuzuma indwara.

Uburyo bwo gutandukanya urusaku rw'umurongo n'ibibazo byo hasi

Gutandukanya urusaku rw'umurongo wa electromagnetic interference (EMI) n'ibibazo byo hasi ni ingenzi mu gukemura ikibazo cy'amajwi adahindagurika. Ijwi rihoraho, rihindagurika (ubusanzwe 50 Hz cyangwa 60 Hz) rigaragaza cyane ko hari imiterere y'ubutaka cyangwa ubutaka budahagaze neza. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, gucikagurika cyangwa kudahagarara bikunze kwerekana EMI iturutse kuri frequencies zihindagurika (VFDs) ziri hafi aho cyangwa kwinjira k'ubushuhe ahantu harangira. Abatekinisiye bagomba kugenzura ko ubukana bw'ubutaka bwa chassis buri munsi ya 5 ohms; igipimo icyo ari cyo cyose kirenze iki gipimo kigaragaza ko hari isano hagati y'ubutaka bwangiritse isaba ko buvugururwa vuba.

Ni iki gitera kutagira ijwi ry'umuziki n'amajwi adakomeye

Kubura ijwi ryo guhamagara akenshi bituruka ku ihungabana ry’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi cyangwa uburyo bwo guhamagara kuri interineti. Kuri telefoni zikora mu nganda za analog, imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi igomba gupima hafi 48V DC mu gihe ikora kuri hook; kugabanuka k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi munsi ya 24V DC akenshi ntibishobora gutuma hook switch relay itangira. Muri moderi za Voice over IP (VoIP), ijwi ryo guhamagara ribura akenshi rigaragaza ko Power over Ethernet (PoE) yananiwe gutanga, aho switch inanirwa guhuza IEEE 802.3af (15.4W) isabwa, cyangwa igihe cyo kwiyandikisha cya SIP kirangiye. Amajwi make akunze guterwa n’uburebure bwinshi bw’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi butuma umurongo uhagarara kure y’umupaka wa 600-ohm usanzwe, cyangwa kugabanuka k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mu bice bya terminal byangiritse.

Impamvu ibice bya telefoni zigendanwa n'indangururamajwi binanirwa

Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa telefoni n'ibyo hanzeabavuga mu ruhameBikunze kwangirika cyane mu buryo bwa mekanike n'ubw'ibidukikije. Utwuma dukoresha amajwi mu matwi tuba dufite rukuruzi zikomeye zikurura ivumbi rya fer rituruka mu nganda, amaherezo rikabuza kugenda kwa diaphragm no gutera amajwi adasobanutse neza cyangwa adasobanutse neza. Insinga za terefone zikozwe mu cyuma, nubwo zihabwa agaciro ko gukurura imizigo irenga kg 200, zishobora kuvunika imbere mu cyuma bitewe n'imbaraga nyinshi zo guhindukira. Byongeye kandi, uturemangingo tw'amajwi duhura n'ubushuhe bwinshi n'imirasire ya ultraviolet dushobora kugira umunaniro w'ibintu, bigatera kutumvikana neza kw'amajwi no kunanirwa kw'ijwi.

Intambwe ku yindi yo gukemura ibibazo

Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gusuzuma busanzwe kandi bukurikiranye bigabanya igihe cyo kudakora kw'ibikoresho kandi bikarinda gusimbuza ibice bitari ngombwa. Uburyo buhamye buva ku igenzura ry'inyuma ridakoresha amashanyarazi kugeza ku isesengura ryimbitse ry'ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi n'ikoranabuhanga.

Ni uruhe rukurikirane rw'igenzura rusanga amakosa yihuta cyane

Uburyo bwiza bwo gusuzuma butangirana n'igenzura ry'amaso n'iry'ikoranabuhanga mbere yo gukomeza gupima amashanyarazi. Abatekinisiye bagomba kubanza gusuzuma agace gafite agaciro ka IP kugira ngo barebe niba hari gaze zangiritse, ubushuhe bwinjira, cyangwa ingaruka zabyo. Hanyuma, genzura neza imikorere ya mashini y'icyuma gikurura amashanyarazi cyangwa iy'icyuma gikurura amashanyarazi, urebe neza ko nta myanda ifatika ibuza ingendo zose. Nyuma yo kwemeza ko hari inzitizi zifatika n'ibyangiritse ku bidukikije, ishami ry'icyuma rigomba kwimukira mu gusuzuma imikorere y'amashanyarazi imbere, rigatanga igihe cyo gutakaza mu isesengura rikomeye ry'ibimenyetso mu gihe impamvu nyamukuru ari ikibazo cyoroshye cya mashini.

Ni ibihe bizamini byemeza ibibazo by'amashanyarazi, insinga, n'ibimenyetso

Igenzura ry'amashanyarazi risaba ko hapimwa neza metero zipima kuri terminal block. Kuri sisitemu za analog, menya neza ko umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi uri hagati ya 20mA na 25mA; umuvuduko uri munsi y'uyu mubare uzatuma habaho guhamagara guhagarara cyangwa kohereza ubutumwa butumva. Ibizamini byo gukomeza insinga bigomba kugaragaza uburinzi butagira iherezo hagati y'abayobora insinga kugira ngo hatabaho imiyoboro migufi.Telefoni zikoreshwa mu nganda zishingiye kuri IP, ibikoresho byo kwemeza insinga z'umuyoboro bigomba gukoreshwa mu gupima uburyo bwo kuganira hafi (NEXT) no kugenzura ko insinga za Category 5e/6 zujuje uburebure ntarengwa bwa metero 100 kugira ngo PoE ihamye n'ihererekanyamakuru riherekezwe.

Igihe cyo gusana, kongera gukosora, cyangwa gusimbuza ibice bigize

Gufata icyemezo hagati yo gusana ibice, kongera gupima, cyangwa gusimbuza burundu biterwa n'uburemere bw'ibyangiritse ndetse n'uburemere bw'aho telefoni iherereye. Ibibazo bito, nko gufunga icyuma gifunga nabi cyangwa vis yo mu gice cyo hejuru, bisaba kongera gupima cyangwa gukaza neza. Ariko, niba icyuma cyacapwe (PCB) kigaragaje ikibazo cyo gutwikira ibintu hamwe n'ingese bigira ingaruka ku buso burenga 10%, icyuma cyose kigomba gusimburwa kugira ngo gikomeze gukora neza. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, insinga z'icyuma zigaragaza ko hari icyangiritse mu gitereko cy'icyuma kitagira umugese zigomba gutabwa burundu, kuko insinga z'imbere zigomba kwangirika kandi ntizishobora gusanwa neza.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kugereranya indwara no kuyirinda

Ibipimo byo gusuzuma indwara birahinduka cyane bitewe na protocole y'itumanaho ikoreshwa ndetse n'uburyo ibidukikije bishyirwa mu byiciro. Gusobanukirwa aya matandukaniro bituma amakipe ashinzwe kubungabunga indwara ashobora gukoresha ibikoresho bikwiye byo gusuzuma no gusobanura neza ibimenyetso by'amakosa.

Uburyo telefoni z'inganda za analog na IP zitandukanye

Telefoni zo mu nganda za Analog na IP (VoIP) zikenera uburyo butandukanye bwo gukemura ibibazo. Sisitemu za Analog zishingira kuri voltage ihoraho ya DC n'ibimenyetso bishingiye ku nshuro, bigatuma zishobora kwangirika mu ntera ndende. Telefoni za IP zikoresha amakuru akoresha packet-switched na PoE, zigasaba ibikoresho byo gusesengura network kugira ngo zimenye igihe cyo gutinda, jitter, cyangwa SIP.

Ibyo kugereranya ibimenyetso n'impamvu bigomba kuba birimo

Gupima ibimenyetso bifatika bigabanya igihe cyo gusuzuma ibimenyetso binyuze mu guhuza ibibazo by’abakoresha n’amakosa akomeye ya tekiniki. Imbonerahamwe yuzuye igereranya ikubiyemo uburyo bwo gutsindwa kwa analogi n’ikoranabuhanga, iha abatekinisiye ahantu hashoboka cyane ho gutangira iperereza ryabo.

Ibintu bikingira n'ahantu hashobora guteza akaga bifite akamaro

Gukemura ibibazo ahantu hateje akaga hagengwa n’amahame ya ATEX, IECEx, cyangwa Icyiciro cya mbere cy’Ishami rya 1 bishyiraho amabwiriza akomeye agenga ibikorwa. Terefone muri utwo turere zikoresha imiyoboro y’itumanaho cyangwaahantu hadatwikirwa n'ibisasuAbatekinisiye ntibashobora gufungura ahantu hatagaragara ibisasu mu gihe uruziga rukora nta ruhushya rwo gukora rushyushye. Byongeye kandi, mu gusuzuma telefoni zitekanye, imiyoboro ya Zener iri ahantu hatekanye igomba gupimwa kugira ngo irebe neza ko igabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi (ubusanzwe ifunze munsi ya 30V na 100mA). Kwangirika kose muri izi miyoboro gushobora gutuma ikimenyetso cyose gitakaza agaciro, bigasa n'aho ibikoresho bya telefoni byangiritse.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya gutsindwa gusubirwamo

Guhindura uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo by’ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwihuse (reactive troubleshooting) ukajya mu buryo bwihuse bigabanya cyane ingaruka za telefoni zigenda zicika mu nganda. Gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza agenga imicungire y’ibikoresho n’ububiko bw’ibikoresho bituma itumanaho rikomeza kuba iry’ukuri mu kigo cyose.

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwirinda impanuka bukora neza

Gukomeza kubungabunga neza ibidukikije bisaba ingamba zagenwe zijyanye n'ubukana bw'ibidukikije. Mu bidukikije byangiza cyane cyangwa bifite ubushuhe bwinshi, udupaki tw'imbere mu byuma bigabanya ubushyuhe tugomba gusimburwa kabiri mu mwaka kugira ngo hirindwe ko uduce duto cyane twa PCB twangirika cyane. Abatekinisiye bagomba kugenzura torque ku mabati yose yo mu gisenge, bakareba ko yujuje ibisabwa n'uwakoze (akenshi hagati ya 1.5 na 2.5 Nm) kugira ngo bakomeze kurinda IP66/IP67 kwinjira. Byongeye kandi, gukora ibizamini bya acoustic loop byikora cyangwa intoki buri minsi 90 byemeza imikorere ya mikoro n'indangururamajwi nta gusaba gusenya, bikagaragaza kwangirika buhoro buhoro k'amajwi mbere yuko bitera kwangirika burundu.

Uburyo bwo gutegura gusana, gusimbura no gusimbuza

Gucunga neza ibikoresho bisimburana ni ingenzi cyane mu kugabanya igihe cyo gusana (MTTR). Ibigo bigomba kugira ububiko bw'ibikoresho bisimburana bushingiye ku gihe hagati y'ibice byihariye (MTBF). Igipimo ngenderwaho cy'inganda ni ugufata igipimo cya 5% kugeza kuri 10% ku bikoresho byambarwa cyane nka telefoni zigendanwa, switch za magnetic hook, na keypad zisimbura.Imiyoboro ya IP y'ingenzi cyane mu butumwa, kubika imirongo mikuru ya telefoni isanzwe ihari kandi ikonje bituma abatekinisiye bashobora guhinduranya imiyoboro mu gihe kitarenze iminota 15, bagahita bongera kuyikoresha mu gihe igikoresho cyari gifite ikibazo cyoherejwe gusuzuma cyangwa gutunganya RMA.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu zo gukemura ibibazo bya telefoni mu nganda
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni iki gikunze gutera urusaku rudahindagurika kuri telefoni yo mu nganda?

Guhagarara akenshi biterwa no guhagarara nabi kw'ubutaka, EMI ituruka kuri VFDs cyangwa moteri, cyangwa ubushuhe ku miyoboro. Reba neza ubushobozi bw'ubutaka, genzura uburyo insinga zikingira, hanyuma wongere ufunge aho amazi ahurira cyangwa yangiritse.

Nakwemeza nte impamvu nta toni yo guhamagara ihari?

Kuri telefoni za analogi, pima voltage ya tip-ring; on-hook igomba kuba hafi 48V DC. Kuri moderi za VoIP, genzura ingufu za PoE, umurongo wa network, n'uko SIP yandikwa muri IP PBX.

Kuki ijwi ry'ihamagara riba rito cyane mu gace k'ibimera gafite urusaku?

Ijwi rike rikunze guterwa n’ibikoresho byangiritse, insinga ndende zikoresha, insinga zangiritse, cyangwa indangururamajwi zashaje. Sukura aho zihurira, gerageza umurongo uhagarara, kandi usimbuze ibice byazo byangiritse mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.

Ni iki nabanza gusuzuma kuri telefoni ya Siniwo irinda ikirere cyangwa irinda guturika?

Tangira ukoresheje igenzura ryo hanze: insinga z'amashanyarazi, imigozi y'icyuma, umugozi w'icyuma gifatana, switch y'icyuma gifatana, na corrosion. Ku bikoresho bikomeye bya Siniwo, subizaho witonze ifunga ry'icyuma nyuma yo kugisuzuma kugira ngo ukomeze kurinda IP.

Ni ryari nkwiye gusimbuza ibice aho gukomeza gukemura ibibazo?

Simbuza ibice by'ibikoresho mu gihe ikizamini kigaragaza ko insinga za terefone zacitse, indangururamajwi zangiritse, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda gushyushya buguma buri hasi, cyangwa ko hasi hadakomeye nyuma yo gukosorwa. Mu hantu hashobora guteza akaga, koresha ibice byemewe bisimbura ibihuye na terefone.