Uburyo bwo gupima neza igipimo cy'amazi yo mu mwobo w'umuriro ku nkongi

Impamvu isuzuma ry'umuvuduko w'amazi y'umuriro rikwiye ari ingenzi

Imashini zikoresha umuriro zishingira ku kwemeza ibintu mu buryo bw’ubuhanga aho gukoresha ibitekerezo by’ubuhanga. Itandukaniro riri hagati y’imbonerahamwe y’imashini zikoresha pompe n’amazi nyayo ashobora kwerekana intsinzi cyangwa gutsindwa kw’igitero cy’imbere mu nkongi y’umuriro. Isuzuma ry’amazi ritanga icyizere cy’uko ipaki y’igitero—igizwe na pompe,umuyoboro w'amazi, n'umunwa w'umuriro—itanga litiro ziteganijwe ku munota (GPM). Dukurikije amahame ya NFPA yo mu 1962, amashami azimya inkongi y’umuriro afite inshingano zo gukora isuzuma rya buri mwaka ry’imiyoboro n’ibikoresho, ariko isuzuma ry’amazi anyura ku nkongi y’umuriro risaba gusobanukirwa byimbitse ibintu bihinduka mu mazi kugira ngo ibikorwa byo kuzimya bigerweho n’ubushyuhe busabwa.

Uburyo ukuri kw'imigendekere y'amazi kugira ingaruka ku mikorere y'umurongo w'ibitero

Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo guhagarika inkongi ni ugukonjesha, bingana neza n'amazi atemba. Galoni imwe y'amazi yinjiza BTU zigera ku 9.346 iyo ihinduwe umwuka w'amazi ku bushyuhe bwa 212°F (100°C). Kubera iyo mpamvu, umurongo w'igitero unyura neza kuri GPM 150 utanga ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha bwa BTU zirenga miliyoni 1.4 ku munota. Ariko, iyo gutakaza friction cyangwa inenge z'umunwa bidapimwe bigabanya ubwo buryo bwo gukonjesha kugeza kuri 115 GPM, ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha bugabanukaho hafi BTU 330.000 ku munota. Iki cyuho bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bushobozi bw'itsinda ry'abatera bwo gutsinda igipimo cyo kurekura ubushyuhe (HRR) cy'ibikomoka kuri peteroli bigezweho, byongera ibyago byo guhumeka cyangwa gushyuha.

Byongeye kandi, uburyo amazi atembera neza bugena imbaraga z’imikorere y’imizingo. Iyo umuzingo wikora usaba PSI 100 kugira ngo ugere kuri 150 GPM, imbaraga z’imizingo zivamo ni ibiro 76. Impinduka mu mizingo zitateganijwe zishobora gutuma umuzi ubura ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa zigatera umuvuduko mwinshi ku murongo, bigatuma umuzi ukoresha umuzingo unaniza umubiri kandi bikagabanya imbaraga zawo zo gukora.

Uburyo bwo kumenya igipimo cy'amazi anyura mu ruziga rw'amazi

Gushyirahoigipimo cy'amazi y'umuriro aturuka ku ntegobisaba kubara uburyo umuriro unyuramo (RFF) hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'aho abantu batuye, umubare w'inkongi, n'intego y'ubuhanga. Ishuri ry'Igihugu rishinzwe kuzimya inkongi (NFA) rigena ko RFF ingana n'uburebure bukubye n'ubugari bw'inyubako ikoreshwamo, ikagabanywamo gatatu, bigatuma GPM isabwa kugira ngo hasi habeho inyubako yuzuye.

Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho imiyoboro isanzwe yo guturamo, igipimo cy’amazi gikoreshwa hagati ya 150 na 160 GPM cyemewe cyane nk'ishingiro ry'umuyoboro w'amazi wa santimetero 1.75. Imirimo y'ubucuruzi, ifite ibisenge birebire, igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubutaka gifunguye, n'imitwaro y'ibikomoka kuri peteroli icucitse, bisaba imiyoboro y'amazi ya santimetero 2.5 ifite amazi aturuka ku muyoboro kuva kuri 250 kugeza kuri 300 GPM. Gusobanura izi ntego bishyiraho ishingiro ry'ibizamini byose bizakurikiraho by'amazi. Ishami rishinzwe kuzimya umuriro rigomba kwemeza ku mugaragaro ibi bipimo by'amazi mbere yo kugura cyangwa gupima imiyoboro, rikareba ko imbonerahamwe y'umuvuduko w'amazi ya pompe (PDP) yagenzuwe kugira ngo itange ibi bipimo nyabyo mu gihe cy'ubutaka.

Uburyo amazi y'umuriro anyuramo mbere yo gupimwa

Mbere yo gutangira ikizamini cy’amazi, abakoresha bagomba kubara ibihinduka bya hydraulic bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w’ikizamini. Umunwa w’umuriro ntukora ukwawo; ni igice cy’ingenzi cya sisitemu ikomeye ya hydraulic. Kudashyira mu gaciro ku bipimo by’imiyoboro, impinduka mu burebure, n’ibikoresho biri mu murongo bizatuma amakuru y’ikizamini atari yo ndetse n’ibitekerezo bitari byo mu rwego rw’ikoranabuhanga.

Ibipimo by'utuzuzu bigena urujya n'uruza rw'amazi rutezwe

Ibisobanuro by'uwakoze ni byo bigena umuvuduko witezwe wo gutemba ku gipimo runaka cy'imikorere. Umunwa w'igihu udashobora guhindagurika ushobora gupimwa kuri 150 GPM kuri 50, 75, cyangwa 100 PSI nozzle pressure (NP). Umunwa w'igihu ukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikora ku buryo buhindagurika bw'impeshyi bugamije kugumana igipimo cy'igihu cya 100 PSI mu rugero rw'amazi, ubusanzwe hagati ya 70 na 200 GPM. Umunwa w'igihu ukoresha amashanyarazi ushingiye ku murambararo w'imbere w'umunwa n'igipimo cy'amazi asohoka, hamwe n'imikorere isanzwe y'umunwa igaragazwa kuri 50 PSI NP.

Gusobanukirwa K-factor yihariye y'umuyoboro w'amazi—ihame rihoraho rigaragaza coefficient yo gusohora—ni ngombwa. K-factor yemerera abatekinisiye guhanura amazi bakoresheje formula Q = K * sqrt (P). Niba K-factor itazwi, cyangwa niba imiterere y'imbere y'umuyoboro w'amazi yarangiritse bitewe no kwangirika cyane, amazi yitezwe azatandukana cyane n'amazi yapimwe mu gihe cy'igeragezwa.

Ubugari bw'umuyoboro, uburebure, uburebure, n'ingaruka z'ibikoresho

Imiterere y'umuyoboro ubanziriza umuyoboro w'amazi itera igihombo cyo gucika intege (FL), igice gihinduka cyane mu byuma bikoresha umuriro. Igihombo cyo gucika intege kibarwa hakoreshejwe formula isanzwe ya FL = C * (Q/100)^2 * L, aho C ari coefficient yo gucika intege, Q ikaba ari flow muri GPM, naho L ikaba ari uburebure bw'umuyoboro muri metero amagana.

Imiyoboro yoroheje yo gutera igezweho ikunze kugira diameter zitandukanye z'imbere (ID nyakuri) ugereranyije n'imiyoboro ya kera, bigatuma bihindura cyane coefficient ya C. Urugero, umuyoboro wa none wa santimetero 1.75 ufite ID nyakuri ya santimetero 1.88 ushobora kugaragaza igihombo cyo gukururana cya 35 PSI kuri metero 100 kuri 150 GPM, mu gihe moderi za kera zishobora kurenza 50 PSI ku muvuduko umwe. Uburebure nabwo bugira ingaruka ku bidukikije by'igerageza; imbaraga rukuruzi zigabanya igihombo cyangwa kwiyongera kwa 0.434 PSI kuri metero imwe y'uburebure, akenshi zizungurutswa kugeza kuri 5 PSI kuri buri gorofa ry'inzu. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo mu nzu nka wyes, amazi yiba, cyangwa valves zicikagurika akenshi zishyiramo indi PSI 10 kugeza kuri 25 y'igihombo cyo gukururana bitewe n'igipimo cy'amazi yose, bigomba gushyirwa mu gipimo cy'umuvuduko wo gusohora pompe mbere yuko igerageza ritangira.

Igereranya ry'amazi anyura mu ruziga rw ...

Kugereranya imiyoboro y'amazi yoroshye n'imiyoboro y'ibihu mu gihe cyo gupima amazi bisaba gupima ibipimo. Imiyoboro y'amazi yoroshye itanga umugezi ukomeye ufite igitutu gito cy'imikorere, bigabanya uburyo amazi akora. Imiyoboro y'amazi yoroshye, yaba ihamye, ishobora gutoranywa, cyangwa yikora, ishingira ku kumena amazi ku gice cyo hagati kugira ngo ikore igishushanyo cyihariye, muri rusange isaba igitutu kinini kugira ngo ikore neza.

Mu gihe cyo gupima amazi anyura mu kirere, imiyoboro y'amazi yikora ikunze gupfuka umuvuduko udahagije wa pompe binyuze mu kugumana umugezi ugera aho ugera mu buryo bugaragara mu gihe igabanya GPM mu ibanga. Kubera ko isoko y'imbere ihindura umuvuduko kugira ngo umuvuduko ugume ku mpera y'umugezi, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko wa pompe bigabanya ingano y'umuvuduko, bigagabanya umuvuduko utambitse. Imiyoboro y'amazi igenda neza, ku rundi ruhande, igaragaza umugezi wangiritse kandi umanuka iyo udafite umuvuduko uhagije, igatanga igisubizo cyihuse mbere yuko icyuma gipima amazi cyemeza ko hari ikibazo.

Uburyo bwo gupima neza igipimo cy'amazi y'umuriro

Gukora ikizamini cy’amazi akoreshwa mu gupima umuriro neza bisaba uburyo buhamye, ibikoresho bigenzurwa neza, no kugenzura ibidukikije. Ubuhanga bwo mu murima bugomba kuba buringaniye n’ubuhanga bwa siyansi kugira ngo amakuru aboneka abe ashobora kugena neza imikorere y’ipompo y’umuriro n’igenamigambi rya mbere y’impanuka.

Uburyo bwo gupima ingano y'amazi mu ntambwe ku yindi

Intambwe ku yindi itangirana no gushyiraho amazi ahoraho kandi yizewe, byaba byiza aturutse ku isoko idahinduka cyangwa atangwa n'amazi menshiamazi y'umujyikugira ngo hirindwe ihindagurika ry'umuvuduko w'amazi yinjira. Imiterere y'umuyoboro igomba gushyirwa ku murongo ugororotse, aho imigozi igoramye cyangwa igoramye kugira ngo ipfundikire umugozi ubwawo.

Umukoresha wa pompe ashyira igikoresho ku murongo ugana ku ntego Umuvuduko wo Gusohora Ingufu za Pompe (PDP) wagenewe imiterere yihariye. Iyo umurongo umaze gushya, umukoresha wa pompe afungura umugozi wose kugira ngo ave amaraso mu mwuka wose wafashwe kandi akureho imyanda yose ya mbere. Sisitemu igomba gukora mu buryo buhamye mu gihe cy'amasegonda 45 kugeza kuri 60 kugira ngo pompe ikomeze guhagarara neza. Nyuma yo gutuza, ni bwo hagomba gufatwa ibimenyetso by'amazi. Hagomba gukorwa inshuro nyinshi—ubusanzwe inshuro eshatu kuri buri mukoresha—kugira ngo habeho impuzandengo y'umuvuduko w'igihe gito kandi habeho ko ushobora gusubiramo.

Gukoresha pitot gauges, inline flow menter, na pompe gauges

Gupima neza bishingiye ku guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye. Ibipimo bya Pitot ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho bya zahabu byo gupima imiyoboro y'amazi yoroshye. Urusaku rwinjizwa hagati mu mugezi ukomeye, ku ntera ya kimwe cya kabiri cy'umurambararo w'inkombe uvuye ku mwobo. Hanyuma igipimo cy'umuvuduko gihindurwamo amazi hakoreshejwe formula Q = 29.83 * c * d^2 * sqrt(p), aho 'c' ari coefficient of discharge (ubusanzwe 0.99 ku miyoboro yoroshye), 'd' ni umurambararo w'inkombe, na 'p' ni igitutu cya pitot.

Ku bijyanye n'imiyoboro y'ibihu, aho pitot gauges idashobora gukoreshwa bitewe n'umugezi wacitse,ibipimo by'amazi anyura mu murongoni ngombwa. Ibipimo by'amazi bigezweho bipima amashanyarazi bitanga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ubusanzwe hagati ya +/- 1% na 3% by'igipimo, bitagize ikindi gihombo cyo gushwanyagurika. Ibipimo by'amazi bipima amashanyarazi nabyo birasanzwe ariko bisaba gupima buri gihe kugira ngo hirindwe ko amabuye y'agaciro yiyongera ku muvuduko wo kuzenguruka. Kwishingikiriza gusa ku bipimo by'amazi biri mu gikoresho gipima amashanyarazi cyangwa ibipimo byo gusohora amazi ntibikwiye gukoreshwa mu isuzuma ry'ibanze, kuko ibipimo by'amazi bipima amashanyarazi akenshi bigabanukaho 10% cyangwa birenga bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'umuriro rihoraho.

Uburyo bwo kwandika ibipimo by'amazi asohoka mu mazuru

Gukurikirana amakuru mu gihe cy'ikizamini bigomba gukorwa neza kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko isesengura ry'igihe kirekire rifatika. Abakoresha bagomba kwandika igihe nyacyo cy'umunsi, igikoresho cyihariye cyakoreshejwe, uwakoze imiyoboro n'imyaka yayo, inomero y'uruhererekane rw'imiyoboro, PDP y'ingenzi, PDP nyayo, igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'amazi (GPM), n'umuvuduko w'imiyoboro (NP).

Gukoresha urupapuro rwemewe cyangwa porogaramu yihariye yo gupima amazi bireba ko amakuru atunganijwe neza. Abatekinisiye bagomba gufata nibura amanota atatu kuri buri gice cy'umuyoboro. Ku miyoboro ya galoni itoranywa, ibipimo bigomba kwandikwa kuri buri gice cy'umuyoboro (urugero: 95, 125, 150, 200 GPM) kugira ngo harebwe ko impeta y'imbere y'umuyoboro ikora neza kandi itanga amazi ahagije ku gitutu cyagenwe. Ibintu byose bidasanzwe, nko kumena amazi ku gipimo cyangwa gukomera kw'umuyoboro, bigomba kwandikwa hamwe n'imibare y'amazi asohoka.

Uburyo bwo gusobanura ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'umuriro

Iyo amakuru y’ubuhanga amaze gukusanywa, icyo umuntu yibandaho ni ugusesengura amazi. Gusobanura ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry’imizi y’umuriro bikubiyemo kumenya itandukaniro riri hagati y’imbonerahamwe y’imashini zikoresha amazi n’imikorere yayo, gusuzuma impamvu nyamukuru z’ibura ry’amazi, no kunoza uburyo ibitero bikoreshwa mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuyitera.

Imiterere y'ikosa iterwa no gutakaza ubwumvikane buke cyangwa ibibazo by'ibikoresho

Gusuzuma ikibazo cy’amazi asohoka bisaba ko habaho uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyatandukanya. Umuvuduko muto w’amazi ugereranije n’uwo wari witezwe akenshi uterwa no gutakaza imbaraga nyinshi mu muyoboro, valve isohora amazi idafite ubushobozi bwo kuyasohora, cyangwa kuziba imbere mu muyoboro.

Mu miyoboro ikoresha ikoranabuhanga, uburyo busanzwe bwo gucika intege ni umunaniro wo mu mpeshyi. Mu myaka myinshi ikoreshwa, impeshyi y'imbere itakaza imbaraga, bigatuma ifunga ifunguka mbere y'igihe iyo umuvuduko uri hasi. Ibi bituma umuyoboro utanga umuvuduko munini kandi uri hasi, unanirwa kugera ku ntego zikenewe no kwinjira, nubwo icyuma gipima amazi mu murongo kigaragaza ko GPM ihagije mu buryo bwa tekiniki. Kumenya iyi miyoboro yo gucika intege mu buryo bwa mekanike ni ingenzi kugira ngo hasobanurwe neza.

Igihe cyo Guhindura, Gusubiramo, Cyangwa Gusimbuza Utuzuzi tw'Inkongi y'Umuriro

Amakuru aturuka mu igeragezwa ry’imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho agomba gutuma habaho ibyemezo bifatika bijyanye no kubungabunga ibikoresho, imikorere ya tekiniki, n’ikoreshwa ry’imari. Isuzuma riba ingirakamaro gusa iyo ikigo cyiteguye guhindura ibipimo by’imikorere yacyo, kongera kugerageza ibice byananiwe, cyangwa gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo gusimbuza ibikoresho igihe bigeze ku iherezo ry’ubuzima bwabyo.

Igihe cyo guhindura umuvuduko wa pompe, imiterere y'umuyoboro, cyangwa imiterere y'umuyoboro

Guhindura ni byo bikunze kugaragara mu isuzuma ry’amazi anyura mu muriro. Iyo umunwa udakora neza bitewe no gutakaza uburyo bwo gukururana kw’imiyoboro bitunguranye, igikorwa cyo gukosora ako kanya ni ukuvugurura imbonerahamwe y’imashini zitanga amazi. Urugero, niba icyuma cya metero 200 gisaba PSI 145 PDP kugira ngo kigere kuri 150 GPM aho kuba PSI 130 y’ishingiro, igitabo cy’amabwiriza cy’umukoresha wa pompe kigomba kugaragaza ibipimo bishya bya 145 PSI.

Ariko, niba guhindura PDP bisunika uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu kuzimya umuriro kurenga urugero rw’ibiro 65 kugeza kuri 75 ku muzimya umuriro umwe, ni ngombwa guhindura ingamba. Ishami rishobora gukenera guhindura kuva ku muzimya umuriro wa PSI 100 ukajya ku muzimya umuriro wa PSI 50 ufite umuvuduko muto cyangwa umuyoboro woroshye kugira ngo ugere ku ntego ya GPM nta mananiza umukoresha. Nyuma yo guhindura uburyo amazi akoreshwa mu kuzimya umuriro, nko gukaza umuyoboro urekuye, gusiga amavuta kuri slide valve, cyangwa gusimbuza gasket yashaje, hagomba gukorwa isuzuma rya ngombwa kugira ngo harebwe ko umuvuduko w’amazi wasubiye ku murongo wemewe wa +/- 10%.

Gahunda y'ibyemezo byo gusimbuza no kugura imiyoboro

Iyo gukosora no gusana bidashoboye gukosora ikibazo cy’amazi asohoka, hagomba gushyirwaho ingamba zikomeye zo gusimbuza. Utuzu dukorerwa ahantu hakomeye ho gutwika dufite igihe ntarengwa cyo gukora, akenshi tuba hagati y’imyaka 10 na 15 bitewe n’inshuro zo kubungabunga, ubwiza bw’amazi, n’ingano y’amazi akoreshwa. Iyo utuzu dutsinzwe ku gipimo cyatwo cyo gusohoka ku kigero kirenga 10% kandi umuhanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga akamenya ko ubusaza bw’imbere budashobora gukosorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kongera kubaka (bisanzwe bihenda hagati y’amadolari 50 na 150), gusimbuza ni itegeko.

Abashinzwe amasoko bagomba gushyira mu byiciro by'ibiciro biriho ubuimiyoboro y'umuriro yo mu rwego rw'umwuga, muri rusange iri hagati ya $600 na $1,200 kuri buri gice ku miyoboro isanzwe, na $2,500 ku bikoresho byihariye bya master stream. Byongeye kandi, igihe cyo kugura kigomba gucungwa; imiyoboro yihariye cyangwa imiterere yihariye y'imigozi ishobora gutwara igihe cyo kuyisimbura cy'ibyumweru 4 kugeza kuri 8. Gushyiraho umubare muto w'ibicuruzwa (MOQ) byo gusimbuza indege akenshi bishobora gutuma habaho kugabanyirizwa ibiciro, bigatuma ishami rihindura batayo yose rijya ku muyoboro mushya, wapimwe n'imiyoboro icyarimwe, bityo bigatuma habaho imikorere imwe y'amazi mu bikoresho byose byo gusubiza.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Kuki abakozi bagomba kugenzura uko amazi anyura aho kwishingikiriza ku mbonerahamwe z'amapompo?

Imbonerahamwe z'ipompo ni ahantu ho gutangira, si ikimenyetso. Gutakaza ubwumvikane bw'imiyoboro y'amazi, imbogamizi ku bikoresho, uburebure, imitsi, n'imiterere y'amazi bishobora kugabanya GPM nyayo, bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwo gukonjesha, kugera ku mugezi, n'umutekano w'abakozi.

Ni ubuhe buryo busanzwe bwo gutera ku murongo w’igitero wa santimetero 1.75?

Amashami menshi akoresha 150 kugeza 160 GPM nk'ibanze ku mutungo w'umugozi wa santimetero 1.75, ariko intego ya nyuma igomba guhuza n'aho abantu batuye, umuriro utwara, ipaki y'imiyoboro, ubwoko bw'umuyoboro, n'amayeri y'ishami.

Ni kangahe igeragezwa ry'imiyoboro n'ibikoresho bigomba gukorwa?

NFPA 1962 isaba ko habaho igeragezwa rya buri mwaka ry’imiyoboro y’umuriro n’ibikoresho. Amashami agomba kandi gukora ibizamini by’imiyoboro y’amazi nyuma yo guhindura imiyoboro, imiyoboro y’amazi, ibikoresho, imbonerahamwe y’amapompo, cyangwa uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora.

Ni ibihe bihinduka bigomba kwandikwa mu gihe cyo gupima urujya n'uruza rw'amazi?

Andika icyitegererezo cy'umuyoboro n'umuvuduko, umurambararo n'uburebure by'umuyoboro, umuvuduko wo gusohora pompe, impinduka mu burebure, ibikoresho biri mu murongo, GPM yapimwe, ubwiza bw'umuyoboro, n'uburyo umuyoboro ukorwamo. Ibi bisobanuro bituma ibisubizo bisubirwamo.

Ese umunwa w'umuriro wikora ku buryo bwikora ushobora gutanga ibisubizo biyobya?

Yego. Imashini zikoresha amazi zikoresha amazi zishobora kugumana ishusho y'umugezi mu rugero rw'umuvuduko, ibyo bikaba bishobora guhisha ko amazi adahagije. Buri gihe yemeza GPM nyayo ukoresheje icyuma gipima amazi, uburyo bwa pitot, cyangwa se uburyo bwo gupima bwemejwe.