Uburyo bwo kubungabunga indangururamajwi n'indangururamajwi mu nganda kuri sisitemu y'indangururamajwi

• Kubungabunga bigomba gushyira imbere ubumenyi, atari ubwinshi bw'ibintu gusa, kuko ubutumwa bwihutirwa n'ubw'ibicuruzwa bigomba kumvikana mu gihe hari urusaku rwinshi.
• Indangururamajwi zikora nabi mu nganda akenshi ziterwa n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije: ubushuhe, ifuro ry’umunyu, ivumbi, kunyeganyega, ndetse n’ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe.
• Gahunda nziza yo kubungabunga ikubiyemo gusukura, kugenzura imbaraga z'amashanyarazi, kugenzura insinga, gupima amajwi, no guteganya gusimbuza ibikoresho hakoreshejwe log.
• Koresha amahame nka IEC 60268-16 mu gusuzuma uburyo bwo kuvugana n'umuntu ndetse na IEC 60529 mu kugenzura uburyo bwo kwinjira kw'umuntu.
• Ku mbuga z'umushinga, kubungabunga biroroha iyo sisitemu yanditswe hakurikijwe akarere, amplifier, ubwoko bw'indangururamajwi, n'igihe serivisi iherereyemo.

Kubungabunga indangururamajwi mu nganda ni ingenzi kuko gusobanukirwa neza kw'imvugo akenshi ni yo ntego nyayo, ntabwo ari umusaruro usanzwe. IEC 60268-16 ikoreshwa cyane mu gusuzuma ubwiza bw'ihererekanyamakuru ry'amajwi, mu gihe IEC 60529 isobanura urwego rwo kurinda urukuta nka IP65 na IP66 ku ivumbi n'amazi; ayo manota afasha gusobanura impamvu zimwe mu ndangururamajwi zo mu nganda zigumaho imyaka myinshi hanze mu gihe izindi zinanirwa kare. Ku gice cy'umusaruro cyuzuyemo urusaku, ndetse na sisitemu ikomeye y'indangururamajwi ishobora gukora nabi mu gihe grille zifunze, zigafunga igihe cyo gusaza, cyangwa imiterere ya amplifier igenda ihinduka. Niba urubuga rwawe rukoreshaibikoresho by'itumanaho mu nganda, ibikoresho bikingira ikirerecyangwaibikoresho byo mu gace gashobora guteza akaga, uburyo bumwe bwo kubungabunga bukoreshwa: kurinda agakingirizo, kugenzura inzira y'ikimenyetso, no kwandika buri igenzura.

Icyo kubungabunga indangururamajwi mu nganda birinda mu buryo bw'indangururamajwi

Kubungabunga indangururamajwi mu nganda birinda ibintu bitatu: gusobanukirwa, igihe cyo gukora, no kubahiriza amategeko.

Mu by’ukuri, amakipe menshi y’inganda abona ikibazo nyuma y’uko ubutumwa bugoye kumva, ariko icyo gihe impamvu ikunze kwiyongera. Ivumbi ryiyongera rigabanya umuvuduko w’amajwi, imiyoboro yangiritse yongera imbaraga zo kuyirwanya, kandi amazi yinjira agahindura imyitwarire y’umushoferi. Indangururamajwi y’uruganda isa neza ishobora gutakaza ubushishozi niba diaphragm inaniwe cyangwa transformer irimo gushyuha cyane.

Ku nganda, intego yo kubungabunga igomba gupimwa. Ihererekanya ry'amagambo rikunze gusuzumwa hakoreshejwe uburyo buboneye, kandi IEC 60268-16 itanga uburyo busanzwe bwo gusuzuma ihererekanya ry'amagambo. Ibyo ni ingenzi kuko ubutumwa butari bwo bushobora kuba ingirakamaro cyane kuruta ubutumwa butuje ariko busobanutse neza. Mu itumanaho ryihutirwa, gusobanura neza bizigama igihe, bigabanya urujijo, kandi bigagabanya amahirwe yo kuyobya abakozi mu gihe cyo guhunga.

Hariho kandi ikiguzi cy’ibikorwa. Dukurikije amabwiriza ya OSHA yo muri Amerika, itumanaho ryihutirwa rigomba kuba ryizewe bihagije kugira ngo rishyigikire igenamigambi ry’umutekano ryo gutabara no gutabara mu buryo butekanye mu kazi, ari nayo mpamvu inyandiko z’igenzura n’igenzura ry’imikorere atari amahitamo ku hantu hagenzurwa. Ku matsinda y’abahanga, kubungabunga ni kimwe mu bigize kugenzura ingaruka, si umurimo wo kwisiga.

Uburyo bwo kunanirwa kw'indangururamajwi mu nganda n'indangururamajwi mu nganda wakwitega

Indangururamajwi nyinshi zishobora kwangirika mu nganda zishobora kwitegerwa niba ibidukikije bizwi.

Ubushuhe bwinshi, ifuro ry'umunyu, ivumbi, no kunyeganyega ni byo bintu bikunze gutera stress mu gushyiramo indangururamajwi mu nganda. Iyo aho hantu hari hafi y'imiyoboro yo gukaraba, ibyambu byo mu mazi, aho gutunganya ibiribwa, cyangwa aho gupakira ibicuruzwa hanze, aho bifungirwa n'aho bihurira biba ari ho ha mbere hatagira intege. Uruhererekane rusanzwe rw'ikosa rutangirana no kwangirika kw'ipfundikizo, hanyuma amazi yinjira, hanyuma oxidation, hanyuma ijwi rigahagarara cyangwa ikibazo cy'umushoferi cyose.

Kunyeganyega ni ikindi kintu cyihishe. Mu nganda zikora, kunyeganyega gusubirwamo kwa mashini bishobora gutuma ibintu bihambira hamwe n’ibice bya terminal birekura uko igihe kigenda gihita. Niyo mpamvu indangururamajwi zo mu ruganda zishyirwa ku byuma bigomba kugenzurwa niba nta torque y’urukuta ihari ndetse n’uburyo insinga zigabanya ubukana bw’insinga, cyane cyane iyo sisitemu y’indangururamajwi ishyizwe hafi y’imashini zikanda, imashini zitwara imizigo, cyangwa imashini ziremereye.

Guhindura ubushyuhe nabyo ni ingenzi. Indangururamajwi zo hanze n'izo hanze zishobora kwaguka no gufunga buri munsi, zigatuma imitako igabanuka buhoro buhoro kandi zigatuma ivumbi n'ubushuhe byinjira. Muri ibyo bihe, uburyo bwiza bwo kubungabunga si ugusukura gusa; ni ukuvugurura buri gihe ubuziranenge bw'aho hantu no gusimbuza gasket zishaje mbere yuko zigwa.

Uburyo bwo kubungabunga sisitemu y'indangururamajwi intambwe ku yindi

Gahunda yo kugenzura ikorwa neza ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo gutuma umuyoboro w’indangururamajwi zo mu nganda ukomeza kuba uw’ukuri.

1. Tangira urebe neza aho ushyira ibintu, grilles, brackets, na cable glands.
2. Reba neza niba hari imiyoboro, ingese, ibimenyetso by'amazi, ibyangiritse kuri UV, n'ibikoresho byabuze.
3. Genzura uko amplifier ihagaze, ibimenyetso by'aho ibintu biri, n'ibimenyetso by'ikosa biri kuri controller.
4. Kina itangazo ry'ikizamini hanyuma wumve niba hari ibitagenda neza, bihindagurika, cyangwa hari ibitagenda neza.
5. Pima umusaruro mu bice by'ingenzi hanyuma uwugereranye n'ibipimo by'ibanze.
6. Andika itariki y'igenzura, agace kagize ikibazo, n'ingamba zo gukosora.

Amakipe meza yo kubungabunga ahora akora hakurikijwe akarere. Ibyo bivuze ko buri ndangururamajwi y’inganda ifitanye isano n’aho iherereye, intego yayo, n’urwego rw’imikorere rwemewe. Urugero, indangururamajwi yo hasi ishobora kwemerwa ku rugero rw’umuvuduko w’amajwi utandukanye n’indangururamajwi yo mu muhanda kuko urusaku rw’inyuma rudasa n’urwo mu gace kose. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku karere butuma ibibazo byihuta kandi bugafasha gukumira gusimbuza bitari ngombwa.

Isuku igomba kwitonda. Grille y'uruganda igomba gusukurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bujyanye n'ibikoresho bifunze hamwe n'igipimo cya IP. Amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi ntagomba gukoreshwa keretse imiterere y'igicuruzwa ibyemera. Ahubwo, koresha uburyo bwo gusukura bufite ibyago bike bukuraho ivumbi, ibihu by'amavuta n'ibisigazwa by'umunyu utiriwe winjiza ibintu bihumanya mu nzu.

DukurikijeISO 7240-16, sisitemu zo gutanga amakuru zitezweho gushyigikira itumanaho ryizewe ry’ubutabazi bw’ibanze, kandi ibyo byitezwe bigira ingaruka ku buryo imirimo yo kubungabunga iteganyijwe. Niba sisitemu yo gutanga indangururamajwi ikoreshwa mu kwimura abantu cyangwa gutanga amakuru ku bimera, inshuro zo gupima zigomba kuba nke kuruta uko zikoreshwa mu gutanga amakuru asanzwe.

Amahame y'ingenzi ku ndangururamajwi zo mu nganda no kwita ku ndangururamajwi zo mu ruganda

Amabwiriza aha amatsinda y’abashinzwe kubungabunga ibikoresho ururimi rumwe rwo kubigenzura no kwemera.

IEC 60529 isobanura urwego rw'uburinzi butangwa n'udukingo, harimo n'amanota asanzwe nka IP65 na IP66. Ku ndangururamajwi zo mu ruganda zishyirwa ahantu hari ivumbi cyangwa hatose, ayo manota si inyandiko gusa; ni igipimo cyo kubungabunga. Iyo amazi cyangwa ivumbi ryinjira muri ako gakingo, igikoresho gishobora gukomeza gutanga amajwi, ariko kiba kitari mu buryo cyagenewe gukoreshwa.

IEC 60268-16 ni ingenzi kuko ivuga ku bwiza bw'ihererekanyamakuru ry'amajwi. Ku bijyanye no kwandika ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, amabwiriza yihutirwa, n'amatangazo y'itangazo, gusobanuka ni KPI nyayo. Sisitemu isakuza cyane ariko idasobanutse neza ishobora gutinza gusohoka cyangwa igatuma amabwiriza atitaweho, cyane cyane mu duce tw'urusaku aho urusaku rw'inyuma rushobora kurenza 85 dB mu duce tumwe na tumwe hakurikijwe ibipimo bya OSHA byo kubungabunga kumva.

Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho no kwandika inyandiko, amakipe menshi ashingira ku nyandiko z’ibizamini ziteguye neza n’uburyo bwo kwakira aho hantu. Mu by’ukuri, ibi bivuze kwandika ubwoko bw’ikirangurura, amashanyarazi, aho gikwirakwizwa, uburebure bwo gushyiraho, n’ibisubizo by’ibizamini. Izo nyandiko ni zo zituma ibikorwa byo kubungabunga nyuma birushaho kuba byiza.

Ku bijyanye no guhitamo ibicuruzwa, bifasha kugereranya imiryango y'ibikoresho ku kuramba no gukora neza. Niba urubuga rwawe ruri kwaguka, ushobora gukenera uruvange rwaibikoresho by'itumanaho bya analoge, Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri IP, naamashami y'itumanaho ryihutirwa.Iyo ngingo ikoreshwa no kubungabunga indangururamajwi: shyira mu buryo busanzwe aho bishoboka, ariko wandike aho ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bitandukanye.

Uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo by'indangururamajwi zo mu nganda mbere yuko bicika

Uburyo bwihuse bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’indangururamajwi ni ukumenya niba ikibazo ari amashanyarazi, amajwi, cyangwa ibidukikije.

Niba indangururamajwi idasobanutse, banza urebe umuyoboro wa amplifier, uko umurongo uhagaze, na fuse y'aho uturuka. Niba umusaruro usohoka ari muto ariko uhari, reba ama-transformer, ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha insinga, ndetse n'amazi ashobora kwangirika. Niba ijwi ritari ryiza, ikibazo gishobora kuba umushoferi wangiritse, gukata amplifier, cyangwa grille idakora neza bigatuma ijwi rihinduka.

Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ni ukugereranya indangururamajwi imwe ikekwaho kuba iy’uruganda n’iy’uruganda ruzwi neza ruri ku gace kamwe. Iyo ikibazo gikurikiye indangururamajwi, ikosa riba riri aho hantu. Iyo ikibazo gikomeje kuba ku gace, insinga cyangwa amplifier bishobora kuba ari byo byateye ikibazo. Iyo gereranya rimwe rishobora kuzigama amasaha menshi mu rusobe rw’indangururamajwi rw’inganda nyinshi.

Amatsinda yo kubungabunga agomba kandi kugenzura niba hari aho imodoka inyura cyane. Muri sisitemu ya 100 V, imiterere idakwiye ya tap ishobora gutuma amplifier irushaho kwiyongera kandi igatera kugorama igihe kirekire mbere yuko ikibazo gikomeye kivuka. Ikimenyetso gishobora kugaragara nk'indangururamajwi mbi, ariko ikibazo nyacyo akenshi ni uguhindagurika kw'imiterere ya sisitemu nyuma yo kwagura cyangwa kongera kuyitunganya.

Iyo ibibazo bisubiye mu gace kamwe, shakisha impamvu zishingiye ku bidukikije. Indangururamajwi yo gushyiramo ibikoresho ihura n'imashini itera imiti, ihindagurika ry'amamashini, n'ubushyuhe bizananirwa bitandukanye n'uko icyuma gisukuye cyo mu nzu gikoreshwa. Uburyo bwiza bwo kuyikosora bushobora kuba ahantu heza ho kuyifunga, ahandi hantu ho kuyishyiraho, cyangwa kwimura aho kuyisimbura kenshi.

Guhitamo igihe cyo kubungabunga umuyoboro w'indangururamajwi w'uruganda

Iminsi yo kubungabunga igomba kugaragaza ubukana bw'ibidukikije, ntabwo ari ukoroshya gahunda gusa.

Uruganda rwo mu nzu rusukuye rushobora gukora ku igenzura ry’imikorere rya buri gihembwe, mu gihe agace ko hanze cyangwa ko mu mazi gashobora gukenera igenzura rya buri kwezi. Agace gafite akaga cyangwa gafite ibibazo byihutirwa gakwiye kugenzurwa kenshi kuko ikiguzi cyo kwangirika kiri hejuru. Niba sisitemu y’indangururamajwi ishyigikira amatangazo yo kumenyesha, gusohoka, cyangwa gutangaza amakuru y’ingenzi, ifate nk'ibikoresho by’umutekano w’ubuzima aho kuyifata nk'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya AV.

Ku bijyanye n'icyitegererezo cy'igenamigambi rifatika, ahantu henshi h'inganda hakoresha ingengabihe y'ibice bitatu:

• Igenzura rya buri kwezi ry'ahantu hagaragara, hatose, hari ivumbi, cyangwa hafite imbaraga nyinshi zo kunyeganyega.
• Igenzura rya buri gihembwe ry’aho ibikoresho bisanzwe bikorerwa n’ahantu ho hanze hatwikiriwe.
• Serivisi ya buri mwaka yo gusuzuma neza amajwi, gusimbuza ibifunga, no kugenzura inyandiko.

Ubu buryo kandi bushyigikira ingengo y'imari. Aho gusimbuza indangururamajwi zose zo mu nganda ikimenyetso cya mbere cy'uko zangiritse, usimbuza gusa ibikoresho bigaragaza kwangirika gushoboka. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, ibyo bigabanya umuvuduko w'ibicuruzwa bisigaye kandi birinda igihe kidasanzwe cyo kubura.

Ku matsinda y’abahanga mu by’ubwubatsi, indangururamajwi nziza kandi zinogeye ibidukikije si ngombwa ko ziba zihenze cyane. Ni zo zifite uburyo bwo kuzishyiraho busobanutse neza, ibice bishobora gusimburwa, inkunga ihamye yo kuzikoresha, n’urwego rwo kurinda amakuru. Niyo mpamvu amatsinda menshi y’imishinga agereranya amajwi gusa, ndetse n’uburyo bwo kuyakoresha, uburyo bwo kuyakoresha, n’uburyo bwo kuyashyiraho mbere yo kurangiza gukoresha indangururamajwi.

Uko inyandiko nziza zigaragara mu kubungabunga indangururamajwi zo mu nganda

Inyandiko nziza zihindura uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibintu bushobora gusubiramo.

Buri ndangururamajwi y’inganda igomba kugira inyandiko irimo aho iherereye, icyitegererezo, umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, itariki yo gushyiraho, icyiciro cyo kurinda, ibisubizo by’ikizamini cya nyuma, n’amateka yo gusimbuza. Niba urubuga rufite inyubako nyinshi cyangwa uturere twakorewemo, ongeramo ikarita cyangwa indangamuntu y’umutungo. Ibi bituma gukurikirana amakosa byihuta cyane iyo ikibazo cyo guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho kigaragaye mu gihe cyo guhindura imikorere cyangwa imyitozo yihutirwa.

Inyandiko zigaragaza uburyo bwo kubungabunga zigomba kandi gufata uburyo bwo gusuzuma. Inyandiko ivuga ngo "byapimwe neza" ntabwo ifite akamaro kanini ugereranije n'iyanditse ibyapimwe, ihindagurika ryagaragaye, n'isuzuma ry'uko ibintu bisobanuka hakurikijwe akarere. Uko amakuru arushaho kuba meza, niko byoroha kubona uko ibintu bigenda mbere yuko amakosa agaragara.

Ku mbuga zifite sisitemu z'itumanaho zivanze, icyiciro kimwe cyo kwandika inyandiko gishobora gukoreshwa mu miryango y'ibikoresho. Urugero, uruganda rushobora gukoreshasisitemu za intercom, amashami y’ubutabazi bw’ibanze, n’imiyoboro y’indangururamajwi y’uruganda, bityo ikaye y’umutungo igomba kwerekana uburyo buri gice gitanga umusanzu mu gutumanaho kumwe.

Dukurikije amabwiriza ya NIST ku mahame yo gukurikirana ibipimo, ibyemezo byo kubungabunga bisubirwamo bishingiye ku gupima buri gihe no ku buryo bwanditse. Iryo hame rikora ku buryo butaziguye ku isuzuma ry’indangururamajwi: niba udapimye mu buryo bumwe buri gihe, ntushobora kwemeza neza ko ibintu byarushijeho kuba byiza cyangwa byarangiritse.

Uburyo bwiza bwo kongera igihe cy'indangururamajwi zo mu nganda

Sisitemu ziramba cyane nizo zirinzwe imihangayiko ishobora kwirindwa.

Koresha igipimo gikwiye cy’aho amazi aherereye, irinde ko insinga zikoreshwa mu buryo budakomeye, kandi urebe neza ko indangururamajwi zishyizwe ku buryo amazi adashobora guhurira kuri grille cyangwa bracket. Komeza ushyire serivisi hafi y’aho amazi aherereye kugira ngo abatekinisiye babashe kuyigenzura batangiza inzu. Niba aho hantu hakoreshwa ibikoresho byo gusukura kenshi, menya neza ko imiti isukura ijyanye n’ibikoresho byo gufunga n’imiterere ya gasket.

Amahitamo abiri yo gushushanya atuma gusana byoroha uko igihe kigenda. Ubwa mbere, koresha ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gushyiramo aho bishoboka kugira ngo gusimbuza birusheho kwihuta. Ubwa kabiri, shyira ibikoresho by'inyongera cyangwa ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu turere aho igihe cyo kuruhuka gihenze. Mu nganda nyinshi, ikintu gihenze cyane si indangururamajwi ubwayo; ni ugutinda kugarura itumanaho.

Niba umushinga wawe urimo ahantu hagoye hanze cyangwa ahantu hagenzurwa n'amategeko, ushobora kandi gushaka ibikoresho byubatswe kugira ngo bihure n'ikirere cyangwa bikoreshwe mu buryo bwihutirwa, nkaibisubizo bya telefoni mu ngandan'ibijyanye n'itumanaho. Ibyo byiciro bikunze kugira ibintu bimwe by'ingenzi bishingiraho mu kwizera: ubuziranenge bw'aho abantu baherereye, ubushobozi bwo gutanga serivisi, no kuboneka igihe kirekire.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Indangururamajwi zo mu nganda zigomba gusuzumwa kangahe?

Igenzura ry’indangururamajwi mu nganda rikunze gukorwa buri kwezi mu bidukikije bikomeye, naho buri gihembwe mu bice bisanzwe byo mu nzu, hamwe na serivisi y’ubugenzuzi ngarukamwaka yo kwandika no kugenzura amajwi.

Ni iyihe mpamvu ikunze gutuma indangururamajwi zikora zidakora neza?

Ubwinshi bw'ubushuhe n'ingese ni bimwe mu bintu bikunze kugaragara, cyane cyane aho ivumbi, umunyu upfundikiye, amazi ahumye cyangwa amazi asukuye.

Kuki gusobanukirwa imvugo ari ingenzi kuruta ijwi ryumvikana?

Kubera ko abakozi bagomba gusobanukirwa neza ubutumwa, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'amatangazo n'ibibazo byihutirwa; itangazo rirenga ariko ridafite ishingiro rishobora gutinza igisubizo no kongera ibyago.

Ni iyihe ngamba ikoreshwa mu gusuzuma uburinzi bw'indangururamajwi ku mukungugu n'amazi?

IEC 60529 isobanura amanota ya IP, harimo n'urwego rusanzwe rwo kurinda nka IP65 na IP66.

Namenya nte niba ikibazo ari cyo cyuma gitanga amajwi cyangwa amplifier?

Hindura indangururamajwi izwi neza cyangwa ugerageze icyuma gikekwa mu kandi gace; iyo ikibazo gikurikiye indangururamajwi, igikoresho gishobora kuba gifite inenge, mu gihe ikibazo cy’akarere gahoraho gikunze kugaragaza ibibazo by’insinga cyangwa amplifier.

Ese isuku ishobora kwangiza indangururamajwi zo mu nganda?

Yego, niba hakoreshejwe amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa imiti idahuye. Isuku igomba kuba ijyanye n'ibikoresho biri mu gipfunyika n'igipimo cya IP.

Ni iki kigomba kwandikwa mu ikaye y'ibijyanye no kubungabunga?

Andika aho byakorewe, icyitegererezo, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, itariki yo kugenzura, ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi, inenge zigaragara, ibikorwa byo gukosora, n'ibindi bice byasimbuwe.