Uburyo bwo guhitamo telefoni zirinda guturika mu turere twangiza

Intangiriro

Guhitamo ibikoresho by'itumanaho mu turere twangiza bikubiyemo ibirenze guhuza terefone n'imiterere y'aho ikorera. Mu duce dufite gaze, umwuka cyangwa ivumbi bishobora gushya, telefoni itari yo ishobora guteza ibyago byo gushya, kugenzura ko amategeko yubahirizwa, cyangwa guhagarika gukora igihe amatsinda ayikeneye cyane. Iyi nkuru isobanura uburyo bwo gusuzuma telefoni zidashobora guturika urebye uburyo uturere dushyirwamo, amahame y'impamyabushobozi, uburinzi bw'aho zifungirwa, kuramba, guhuza umuyoboro, n'imikorere y'ubutabazi. Mu mpera, abasomyi bazaba bafite uburyo bwo kugereranya ingero no guhitamo ibikoresho bishyigikira umutekano w'inganda ndetse n'ibikorwa byizewe bya buri munsi.

Impamvu Terefone Zirinda Guturika Zifite Ishingiro mu Mutekano no Gukomeza

Mu nganda aho imyuka itwika, umwuka cyangwa ivumbi rishobora gushya, ibikoresho bisanzwe by'itumanaho biteza ibyago bikomeye byo gushya. Ndetse n'ingufu nke z'amashanyarazi zisabwa kugira ngo telefoni isanzwe ikoreshwe zishobora kurenza ingufu nke z'ibintu bishyuha, muri bimwe mu bice bya gazi ziba ziri hasi ya mililiyoli 0.02. Telefoni zidashobora guturika zakozwe by'umwihariko kugira ngo zirinde ibisasu cyangwa ingaruka z'ubushyuhe gutwika ikirere gikikije. Gukoresha ibi bikoresho byihariye si itegeko gusa; ni uburinzi bw'ingenzi ku buzima bw'umuntu kandi ni ikintu cy'ibanze cyo gukomeza gukora.

Uretse gukumira ibintu bikabije,terefone zirinda guturikamenya neza ko inzira z'itumanaho ry'ingenzi ziguma zifunguye mu gihe cy'impanuka. Iyo ibikorwa remezo bisanzwe by'itumanaho byananiwe cyangwa igihe abakozi bagomba guhuza inzira zigoye zo gufunga ahantu hateje akaga, izi mashini zikomeye zitanga ubufasha bwizewe. Gukoresha kwazo bifitanye isano itaziguye no kugabanuka kw'igihe cyo gutabara mu gihe cy'impanuka no kugabanuka kw'igihe cyo gukora mu gihe cy'impanuka zikomeye.

Ni gute telefoni zidashobora guturika zigabanya ibyago byo gukora no kudakora neza

Terefone zidaturika zigabanya ibyago byo gukora binyuze mu buhanga buhanitse bwo gufunga no gukoresha uburyo bwo gufunga ibintu mu buryo butekanye. Udukingirizo dukomeye, dusanzwe twubatswe muri aluminiyumu idafite umuringa, polyester ikoreshwa mu kirahuri (GRP), cyangwa icyuma kitagira umuhengeri cya 316L, twagenewe kwihanganira guturika imbere tudacitse. Inzira z'umuriro muri utwo dukingirizo zikozwe mu buryo bugezweho, zikonjesha imyuka iyo ari yo yose isohoka munsi y'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere cyo hanze.

Mu gukoresha ibice bifite igihe kinini cyo hagati y’igihe cyo gutsindwa (MTBF)—bikunze kurenza amasaha 50.000—izi telefoni zigabanya cyane inshuro zo kubungabunga ahantu hateje akaga. Iminsi mike yo kubungabunga bivuze ko hagabanuka ihungabana ry’imikorere, amafaranga make yo gukoresha mu gutanga uruhushya rwo gukoreraho, hamwe n’umuyoboro w’itumanaho wizewe cyane ukora neza haba mu bikorwa bisanzwe ndetse no mu bihe by’impanuka mu kigo cyose.

Ni izihe nganda n'ahantu hashobora guteza akaga bikenewe cyane?

Ubusabe bwa telefoni zidashobora guturika buri mu nganda nyinshi zikomeye.Imbuga zo gucukura peteroli na gaze, inganda zitunganya peteroli, n'inganda zitunganya imiti bisaba kongerwamo imbaraga nyinshi bitewe n'uko umwuka wa hydrocarbon uhora uhari. Muri izi nzego, ibikoresho bigomba kuba bifite amanota yo mu gace ka 1 cyangwa ako mu gace ka 2 (gaze).

Byongeye kandi,ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, gutunganya ibinyampeke, kandi inganda zikora imiti zihura n'ibyago bikomeye bituruka ku mukungugu utwika. Muri ibi bidukikije, uduce duto tw’ibintu bimanitse mu kirere dushobora gutera guturika gukomeye. Terefone zikoreshwa hano zigomba kuba zujuje ibyiciro bikomeye bya Zone 21 cyangwa Zone 22 (umukungugu), zigenzura ko ubushyuhe bw’inyuma bwazo butarenga urugero rw’umukungugu urimo, akenshi ugenzurwa cyane kugira ngo ugume munsi ya 135°C (T4).

Ibisobanuro by'ingenzi cyane mu guhitamo telefoni zirinda guturika

Kugena telefoni zidashobora guturika bisaba guhuza neza ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ibidukikije n’ubushobozi bwo kurinda ibikoresho. Abahanga mu by’amasoko bagomba gusuzuma ibipimo bitandukanye bya tekiniki, kuva ku busugire bw’aho baherereye kugeza ku mikoranire y’imiyoboro, bakareba neza ko ibikoresho byatoranijwe bitanga umutekano uhamye ndetse n’itumanaho ryizewe mu bihe bikomeye.

Ni gute abaguzi bagomba kugereranya ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ahantu hashobora guteza akaga n'uburyo bwo kurinda kwinjira

Gushyira ahantu hashobora guteza akaga mu byiciro ni byo bigena uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kurinda telefoni. Abaguzi bagomba kumenya niba aho ishyirwa ari ho hagenwe nk'Akarere ka 1/21 (amahirwe menshi yo guturika) cyangwa Akarere ka 2/22 (amahirwe make). Terefone zagenewe Akarere ka 1 zikunze gukoresha uburyo bwo kurinda bwa Ex d (budashobora gushya) cyangwa Ex e (umutekano wongerewe).

Ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi ni igipimo cyo kwirinda kwinjira mu nzu (IP), kigena ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ivumbi n'ubushuhe mu nzu. Inganda zisaba nibura IP66 kugira ngo zihangane n'inyanja nini cyangwa imiyoboro y'amazi ikomeye, mu gihe igipimo cya IP67 gikundwa n'ahantu hashobora kwibira by'agateganyo. Abaguzi bagomba kandi guhuza ibi bipimo n'ibipimo bya NEMA 4X mu bikorwa byo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kugira ngo barebe ko hari ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika.

Ni ibihe bintu by'itumanaho, imbaraga, n'uburyo bwo gukoresha ibintu by'ingenzi kurusha ibindi

Telefone zigezweho zidashobora guturika ziraboneka mu buryo bwa analog na Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Modele za VoIP zikoresha SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) zitanga imicungire ihanitse y'umuyoboro, ubushobozi bwo kwisuzuma, no guhuza neza na sisitemu zo hagati za PBX. Ku bijyanye no gutanga ingufu, Power over Ethernet (PoE) binyuze ku gipimo cya IEEE 802.3af ni ingirakamaro cyane, yemerera amakuru n'ingufu zigera kuri 15.4W kugenda ku mugozi umwe, bityo byoroshya ishyirwaho.

Uburyo bwo gukoresha ni ingenzi cyane ku bakozi bakora ibikoresho biremereye byo kwirinda umuntu ku giti cye (PPE). Utubuto tugomba kugira utubuto tunini cyane kandi duto cyane kugira ngo dushyiremo uturindantoki dukomeye two mu nganda. Byongeye kandi, urusaku rwo mu nganda zitunganya ibikoresho akenshi rurenga 85 dB; bityo, telefoni zigomba kuba zirimo mikoro zikuraho urusaku n'ibikoresho bisohora ijwi cyane bishobora kugera kuri 110 dB, akenshi bihuzwa n'amatara y'inyongera kugira ngo hatagira uhamagara ucikwa.

Ni ibihe bipimo byo kugereranya abaguzi bagomba gukoresha kugira ngo basuzume amahitamo

Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho, abaguzi bagomba gukoresha uburyo bwo kugereranya ibintu byibanda ku kuramba kw'igihe cy'imikorere. Umugozi wa terefone, aho ukunze kwangirika, ugomba kuba ufite icyuma gikingira gifite imbaraga zo gukurura zirenga ibiro 200. Ibikoresho bya magnetique bitagira ibice bigenda biruta cyane ibikoresho bisanzwe by'ikoranabuhanga, kuko bikuraho kwangirika kw'ibicurane kandi bikarinda ivumbi kwinjira.

Ingano y'ubushyuhe mu mikorere ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi gitandukanya. Telefoni nziza cyane zirinda guturika zikoresha ibice by'imbere mu nganda bishobora gukora neza mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -40°C mu nyubako za Arctique na +70°C mu nganda zitunganya ubushyuhe mu butayu. Gusuzuma ibi bipimo byihariye bitanga icyizere ko ibikoresho byatoranijwe bitazangirika mu gihe cyose bizakora.

Uburyo bwo kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko n'amahame agenga akarere

Gushaka ibikoresho byo mu turere twangiza ubuzima bikubiyemo gukoresha uburyo bugoye bw’amahame mpuzamahanga n’ay’akarere. Kutagenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko ntibishyira mu kaga umutekano w’ibigo gusa, ahubwo bishobora no gutera ibibazo bikomeye by’amategeko no kwangirwa ubwishingizi. Isuzuma rikomeye ry’inyandiko ni icyiciro kidasubirwaho cy’itangwa ry’amasoko.

Ni izihe mpamyabumenyi, ibimenyetso, n'inyandiko bigomba kugenzurwa

Terefone yose idaturika igomba kuba iherekejwe n'Itangazo ryemewe ry'Ubuziranenge (DoC) n'icyemezo cyemewe cya laboratwari yemewe yo gupima (nka PTB, UL, cyangwa Baseefa). Abaguzi bagomba gusuzuma neza ibimenyetso bya Ex biri ku cyapa cy'izina ry'ibikoresho. Urugero, ikimenyetso cya 'Ex db eb IIC T6 Gb' kigaragaza ko idacana umuriro kandi ko umutekano wiyongera, kibereye itsinda ry'imyuka ihindagurika cyane (Hydrogen/Acetylene) ifite ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwa 85°C.

Ubuziranenge n'uburyo bwo gukurikirana ni ingenzi cyane. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kugenzura inomero z'ibyemezo binyuze mu bubiko bw'ikigo gitanga ibikoresho kuri interineti. Byongeye kandi, Raporo y'Isuzuma ry'Ubuziranenge (QAR) cyangwa Itangazo ry'Ubuziranenge (QAN) ry'uruganda bigomba kuba bigezweho, bigamije kwemeza ko ibikoresho byabo bikomeza kugenzura ubuziranenge bukenewe kugira ngo bikore ibikoresho bitarahabwa agaciro buri gihe.

Ni gute ibisabwa mu karere bitandukanye na ATEX, IECEx, NEC, n'ibindi

Amategeko agenga uturere agena ibyemezo byemewe n'amategeko.Amabwiriza ya ATEX(2014/34/EU) ni itegeko ku bikorwa mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro bushingiye ku gace. IECEx ikora nk'umurongo mpuzamahanga wemewe n'ibihugu byinshi ku isi, yorohereza kwemeza imishinga yambukiranya imipaka bitabaye ngombwa ko habaho igeragezwa rihoraho.

Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Amategeko y'Igihugu agenga Amashanyarazi (NEC) akoresha cyane cyane sisitemu y'Icyiciro n'Igabana, nubwo agenda ahuza buhoro buhoro na sisitemu ya Zone (NEC 500 vs. NEC 505). Terefone ifite amanota ya ATEX Zone 1 ntabwo yemewe gukoreshwa mu buryo bwikora mu gace ka I, Igabana rya 1 gaherereye muri Amerika. Abaguzi bashinzwe imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa ku isi bagomba gusobanukirwa aya matandukaniro kugira ngo barebe ko amasoko yemewe mu turere dutandukanye tw'isi.

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma abatanga ibicuruzwa, ikiguzi cyose, n'uburyo byoherezwa

Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye ni kimwe mu bigize icyo kigereranyo; gukorana n'uruganda rubishoboye bigena intsinzi y'igihe kirekire yo gushyiraho ibikoresho. Isuzuma ryimbitse ry'ubushobozi bw'utanga ibikoresho, Ikiguzi cyose cy'Ubucuruzi (TCO), n'inkunga nyuma yo gushyiraho ibikoresho byemeza ko telefoni zatoranijwe zidashobora guturika zitanga agaciro n'umutekano urambye.

Ni ibihe bipimo ngenderwaho byo gushaka isoko bifasha kumenya abakora ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa

Inganda zibifitiye ubushobozi zikora ibikoresho bidaturika zigomba kugaragaza imiterere yihariye y’ubuhanga.icyemezo gisanzwe cya ISO 9001Abaguzi bagomba gushaka abacuruzi bafite igenzura ryihariye ry’inganda za Ex. Igipimo cy’ingenzi cy’isoko ni igipimo cy’ubusembwa bw’umucuruzi mu mateka; abakora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bagumana igipimo cy’ubusembwa kiri munsi ya 0.5% ku bikoresho by’itumanaho bya Ex-rated.

Abaguzi bagomba kandi gusuzuma uburyo uruganda rukora ibikoresho bifatanye mu buryo buhagaze. Abatanga ibikoresho bashushanya imitako yabo bwite kandi bagashyiraho imashini zabo bwite muri rusange batanga igenzura ry’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa kandi bakabaho igihe kirekire ugereranije n’abateranya ibikoresho bongera gupakira ibice by’abandi. Gusaba inyigo z’ingero z’ibyo bikoresho mu bihe nk’ibi bito bitanga ikimenyetso gifatika cy’ubushobozi bw’umutanga.

Ni gute abaguzi bagomba kugereranya igihe cyo kwishyura, ibice bisigaye, na garanti

Igihe cyo kwishyura ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cyo guteganya umushinga. Terefone zisanzwe zidashobora guturika zigomba kugira igihe cyo kwishyura kuva ku byumweru 4 kugeza kuri 8, mu gihe imiterere ya SIP yihariye hamwe n’uburyo bwihariye bwo gushyira hamwe bushobora kugera ku byumweru 12 kugeza kuri 16. Abaguzi bagomba gushyira ibi bihe mu nzira zabo z’ingenzi z’umushinga kugira ngo birinde gutinda gutakaza igihe kinini cyo gutanga umushinga.

Kugira ngo babare neza TCO, abafatanyabikorwa bagomba gusuzuma igihe cy'ingwate n'uko ibikoresho bisimburana bihari. Abacuruzi bo ku rwego rwo hejuru bakunze gutanga garanti kuva ku mezi 24 kugeza kuri 36. Byongeye kandi, uburyo terefone iteye bugena ikiguzi cyo kuyisana. Iyo terefone yangiritse, ubushobozi bwo gusimbuza terefone gusa mu murima—aho gusubiza icyuma cyose cya aluminium cyuzuye ibiro 15 mu ruganda—bigabanya cyane ikiguzi cyo gutwara imizigo ndetse n'igihe cyo kudakora neza kw'itumanaho.

Ni iyihe nzira nziza yo gufata ibyemezo mu guhitamo?

Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bushingiye ku makuru burinda amakosa ahenze kandi butuma ibikorwa remezo by'itumanaho byatoranijwe bihura neza n'amabwiriza y'umutekano y'ikigo. Ubu buryo busaba ubufatanye hagati y'abakozi bashinzwe ubuzima n'umutekano, injeniyeri mu ikoranabuhanga/itumanaho, n'inzobere mu gutanga amasoko.

Intambwe zo gusuzuma aho hantu n'ibipimo byazo bigomba kuza mbere ya byose

Guhitamo bigomba gutangirira ku isuzuma ryimbitse ry’aho ibintu biherereye. Injeniyeri mu by’umutekano zigomba gushushanya ikigo kugira ngo zimenye neza aho ibintu biherereye, zigashushanya amatsinda yihariye ya gaze (IIA, IIB, cyangwa IIC) n’ubushyuhe (T1 kugeza T6) buri gace gashyirwamo. Iyi karita ni yo shingiro ry’ibipimo byose by’ibikoresho bikurikira.

Muri icyo gihe, hagomba gukorwa ubushakashatsi ku majwi n'ibidukikije. Niba urusaku rwo mu kirere rurengeje 85 dB, ibisobanuro bigomba kuvugururwa kugira ngo bishyiremo amajwi n'amatara y'inyongera. Injeniyeri mu by'itumanaho zigomba kandi gusuzuma ibikorwa remezo bihari kugira ngo bafate umwanzuro hagati yo gukurura insinga nshya ya CAT6 kugira ngo ikoreshwe muri PoE VoIP cyangwa gukoresha umuringa w'insinga ebyiri wa kera kuri moderi za analog.

Ni ibihe bipimo bya nyuma abafatanyabikorwa bagomba gukoresha kugira ngo bafate icyemezo

Iyo isuzuma ry’aho ibikorwa bikorerwa rirangiye, abafatanyabikorwa bagomba gukoresha uburyo bwo gupima amanota kugira ngo basuzume ibitekerezo bya nyuma. Ubugenzuzi busanzwe bw’inganda bushobora gushyiraho 40% ku kubahiriza amategeko n’ubuziranenge bw’ibyemezo, 30% ku bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga n’imikorere, 20% ku giciro cyose cy’umutungo (harimo n’ibisigaye n’amakuru ya MTBF), na 10% ku bufasha bw’abacuruzi n’igihe cyo gutanga inguzanyo.

Amaherezo, icyemezo gishingiye ku kugera ku buringanire hagati yo kurinda ibisasu mu buryo butagoramye n'imikorere igezweho y'itumanaho. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa ibi bipimo ngenderwaho bya tekiniki n'ubucuruzi, abakora mu nganda bashobora gushyiraho umuyoboro wa telefoni uhamye urinda abakozi, ugakomeza kubahiriza amategeko, kandi ugakomeza gukorana neza mu bidukikije biteje akaga ku isi.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu za telefoni zirinda guturika
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ikihe cyemezo cya telefoni idaturika igomba kuba ifite?

Huza imiterere y'aho hantu mbere na mbere: Agace ka 1/2 ka gaze cyangwa Agace ka 21/22 ka gaze. Hitamo ibikoresho bifite icyemezo cya ATEX; Siniwo itanga kandi ibicuruzwa bihuye n'ibisabwa na CE, FCC, ROHS, na ISO9001.

Nahitamo nte hagati ya telefoni zikoresha analog na VoIP zirinda guturika?

Koresha analog ku mirongo yoroheje ya kera no guhamagara byihutirwa byihutirwa. Hitamo VoIP niba ukeneye guhuza IP PBX, gucunga hamwe, no koroshya kwagura sisitemu ahantu hanini h’inganda.

Ni iyihe ngero ya IP isabwa ku hantu hateje akaga hanze?

Hitamo nibura IP66 kugira ngo urebe ivumbi, imvura, n'aho amazi yagwa. Hitamo IP67 iyo bishoboka ko amazi yinjizwa mu mazi by'agateganyo cyangwa ahantu hatose cyane.

Ni ibihe bikoresho bikora neza mu bidukikije bibi bishobora guteza akaga?

Koresha aluminiyumu cyangwa GRP idafite umuringa mu bice bisanzwe bishobora guteza akaga mu nganda. Hitamo icyuma kitagira umugozi cya 316L aho ingese ikabije, nko mu nyanja, mu bidukikije cyangwa mu mazi.

Kuki watekereza kuri Siniwo kuri telefoni zirinda guturika?

Siniwo itanga serivisi z'itumanaho ry’inganda rimwe, kuva ku gushushanya kugeza ku kubungabunga, kandi ikora ibirenga 90% by'ibice by'ingenzi mu nzu, ishyigikira ireme rihamye n'itangwa ryizewe ku mishinga ikorerwa mu gace gashobora guteza akaga.