Uburyo Terefone zihutirwa zinoza ibikorwa remezo by'umutekano rusange

Intangiriro

Ahantu hahurira abantu benshi hakenera ibirenze telefoni zigendanwa kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kubona ubufasha bwizewe. Terefone zihutirwa zongeraho urwego rw'itumanaho ruhoraho, rugaragara kandi ruhamye rugumaho iyo imiyoboro ya telefoni igendanwa yuzuye, batiri zangiritse, cyangwa abahamagara badashobora gusobanura neza aho ziherereye. Akamaro kazo karenze korohereza abantu: zishyigikira kohereza vuba, zishimangira inshingano zo kwita ku bigo by'amashuri, sisitemu zo gutwara abantu n'ibintu, n'uturere, kandi zigashyiraho ahantu ho gushyikirana hizewe mu gihe cy'ibibazo bikomeye. Iyi nkuru isuzuma uburyo telefoni zihutirwa zihura n'ibikorwa remezo bigezweho by'umutekano rusange, aho zitanga inyungu nini mu mikorere, n'impamvu zikomeje kuba ingenzi no mu gihe cyiganjemo ibikoresho bigendanwa.

Impamvu telefoni zihutirwa ari ingenzi mu mutekano rusange

Terefone z’ubutabazi bw’ibanze ni urwego rw’ibanze rw’ibikorwa remezo by’umutekano rusange, bigakora nk’ahantu ho gutumanaho hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya telefoni zigendanwa, kandi bigaragara cyane, bigatuma zidahura n’ibibazo by’ibikoresho bya telefoni zigendanwa. Mu gihe uturere, inzego zishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu, n’abayobozi ba kaminuza basuzuma uko umutekano wabo uhagaze, guhuza itumanaho rikomeye biracyari ingamba y’ingenzi yo kugabanya ibyago no kwemeza ko ubutabazi bwihuse bushobora gukemuka.

Nubwo gutunga telefoni zigezweho byahinduye uburyo abantu bakoresha serivisi zihutirwa, inshingano z’ikigo zo kwita ku barwayi zisaba uburyo bwo kwirinda ibibazo. Terefone zidasanzwe zitanga inzira yihuse kandi isobanutse yo kumenya aho ziherereye, ihuzwa neza n’ibigo bikurura abantu, bityo bigashyiraho inkingi ikomeye y’itumanaho mu bice rusange.

Uburyo telefoni zihutirwa zifasha mu guhangana n'ibibazo mu gihe imiyoboro ya telefoni igendanwa yangiritse

Kwishingikiriza ku miyoboro ya telefoni zigendanwa bitera ibibazo bikomeye mu gihe cy’ibibazo byo mu gace runaka. Mu gihe cy’impanuka z’abaturage benshi, ibiza cyangwa ikirere kibi, imiyoboro ya telefoni zigendanwa y’ubucuruzi ikunze kugira ubucucike bw’abantu benshi, bigatuma igipimo cyo guhamagara kigabanuka kikagera munsi ya 20% mu duce dutuwe cyane. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bigendanwa byishingikiriza ku ngufu za bateri n’iminara ya telefoni zigendanwa, byombi bishobora kwangirika mu gihe cy’igihe kirekire cy’ibura ry’amashanyarazi.

Terefone z’ubutabazi zikoresha insinga zikora ku buryo bworoshye, zikora ku nzira z’itumanaho zitari zo. Imirongo ya analog ishobora gukurura umuriro mu biro bikuru, mu gihe sisitemu zigezweho za Voice over IP (VoIP) zikoresha Power over Ethernet (PoE) zishyigikiwe n’amashanyarazi adacika (UPS) n’ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi. Uku kwitandukanya kw’inyubako gutuma iyo imiyoboro y’ubucuruzi yangiritse, ibikorwa remezo by’umutekano rusange bikomeza gukora neza kandi bikabasha kohereza itumanaho ry’ubutabazi ku bashinzwe ubutabazi vuba.

Ni ibihe bidukikije rusange bifitiye akamaro kanini telefoni zikoreshwa mu gihe cy'ubutabazi

Ibidukikije bikorerwamo n’abantu benshi kandi biri ahantu hataruye ibidukikije bikura akamaro kanini mu itumanaho ryihariye. Ahantu ho gutwara abantu n’ibintu, harimo sitasiyo zo munsi y’ubutaka n’aho ku kibuga cy’indege hanini, akenshi haba hari ikibazo cyo kwinjira nabi mu matelefone, bigatuma ibyuma binini bikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ari ngombwa. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, amashami manini ya kaminuza n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi bikoresha iminara igaragara cyane y’ubutabazi bw’ibanze kugira ngo bihagarare ibyaha kandi bishobore kugera ku mutekano w’ikigo byihuse.

Mu bidukikije bya kure nko muri pariki z'igihugu, mu dusanduku tw'inzira zo guhamagara, no muinyubako z'inganda, telefoni zihutirwa zigabanya icyuho kinini cyo guhuza. Amakuru agaragaza ko ibigo bifite imiyoboro ya telefoni z'ubururu zitanga urumuri rw'ubururu bigira igihe cy'umutekano kiri munsi y'amasegonda 90, ibi bikaba bitandukanye cyane n'iminota 3 kugeza kuri 5 isanzwe isabwa iyo ukoresheje terefone zinyujijwe mu bigo by'ubuyobozi bwa 911 mbere yo kugera ku bashinzwe umutekano bo muri kaminuza.

Ibisabwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'imikorere ya telefoni zigendanwa

Uburyo bwo gusesengura no guhitamo telefoni zihutirwa bisaba isuzuma rikomeye rya tekiniki kugira ngo harebwe ko imikorere yazo ari myiza mu turere twangiza. Uburyo bwo gusesengura amakuru bwa none bwavuye ku buryo bworoshye bwo gukoresha uburyo bwa analog kugeza ku bikoresho bigezweho kandi bifitanye isano n'umuyoboro w'itumanaho bishobora kwisuzuma, guhuza amashusho, no gusakaza amakuru menshi.

Ni ibihe bipimo by'ingenzi by'ingenzi mu matelefone yihutirwa

Kugira ngo telefoni zizemerwe ko zishobora kubaho, zigomba kubahiriza amahame akomeye agenga ibidukikije no kuramba. Ibipimo byo kurinda ingress (IP) ni ingenzi cyane; ibikoresho byo hanze akenshi bisaba icyemezo cya IP66 cyangwa IP67 kugira ngo bihangane n'imvura nyinshi, umukungugu, n'indege zo mu mazi zitaziguye. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubudahangarwa bw'inkongi bupimwa hakurikijwe igipimo cya IK, aho ikoreshwa rya rubanda rishobora kuba risaba amanota ya IK09 cyangwa IK10 kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika gukomeye hakoreshejwe ibikoresho cyangwa imbaraga zidasobanutse.

Ingano z'ubushyuhe mu mikorere zigomba kujyana n'ikirere gikabije mu turere, aho ibikoresho by'inganda byagenwe gukora neza kuva kuri -40°C kugeza kuri +70°C. Byongeye kandi, injeniyeri zizewe zishaka igihe hagati y'ibihe byangiritse (MTBF) kirenga amasaha 50.000. Imikorere y'amajwi ni ingenzi cyane; itumanaho ryuzuye hamwe no guhagarika urusaku rw'ikirere rirakenewe kugira ngo ijwi rigaragare neza mu bidukikije aho urusaku rw'inyuma ruhora rurenga decibel 85, nko ku nkengero z'imihanda ya gari ya moshi ikora cyangwa imihanda minini.

Uburyo telefoni zigezweho zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihutirwa zigereranywa na analog, VoIP, telefoni zigendanwa, n'izindi zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihuse

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kohereza amakuru rishingiye ku buryo busanzwe rigena uburyo sisitemu ishobora kwaguka, ingufu zisabwa, n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza. Ubu inganda zirimo kuva ku bikorwa remezo by'umuringa bya kera zijya ku bisubizo bishingiye kuri IP.

Amashyirahamwe agomba gupima iri tandukaniro ry’ubwubatsi akurikije ibikorwa remezo bihari. Nubwo VoIP itanga uburyo bukomeye bwo guhuza ibigo, ibisubizo bya telefoni akenshi bigaragaza uburyo buhendutse bwo gushyiraho ibikoresho ku nkengero za kure aho gukoresha fibre mu ruzitiro bibangamira amafaranga.

Ni ibihe bipimo bifasha abaguzi gusuzuma sisitemu za telefoni zihutirwa

Mu gusuzuma imiterere ya sisitemu, abaguzi bagomba gusuzuma imbogamizi zo gushyiramo porogaramu ndetse n'uburyo porogaramu zikoreshwa. Gutanga ingufu ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kwitabwaho; mu gihe PoE yoroshya ishyirwaho ryayo binyuze mu guhuza ingufu n'amakuru, Ethernet isanzwe igarukira ku nsinga za metero 100. Kugira ngo ibi bigere kuri ibi bisaba ko fiber optic cable ikoresha ibyuma bihindura imikorere cyangwa imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Byongeye kandi, kubahiriza amategeko ntashobora kuganirwaho. Abaguzi bagomba gutegeka kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho ya gahunda yo gutangiza ibikorwa (SIP) aho gukurikiza amabwiriza y’itumanaho ry’umuntu ku giti cye.Fungura SIPigenzura ko telefoni zihutirwa zishobora kwiyandikisha muri buri shami ryigenga rigezweho (PBX) cyangwa urubuga rw’itumanaho ruhuriweho, birinda ko abagurisha bafungwa kandi bikongera igihe cy’ishoramari ry’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.

Kuyubahiriza, Gucunga Ingaruka, no Guhuza Sisitemu

Gukoresha uburyo bw'amategeko agenga imikorere ni icyiciro cy'ingenzi cyo gukoresha telefoni mu buryo bwihutirwa. Kutubahiriza amabwiriza y'ibanze, ay'igihugu, n'ay'inganda ntibibangamira gusa umutekano w'abaturage ahubwo binashyira amashyirahamwe mu bibazo bikomeye by'amategeko n'iby'imari.

Ni ayahe mategeko, amategeko agenga uburyo bwo kugera ku bantu, n'ibisabwa mu kwita ku buzima

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga (ADA) rigena ibipimo by’imikorere n’imikorere y’ibikoresho by’itumanaho byihutirwa. Ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho kugira ngo ibice bishobora gukoreshwa, nka buto zoroshye, bishyirwe hagati ya santimetero 15 na 48 uvuye ku igorofa rirangiye kugira ngo abantu bakoresha amagare y’abamugaye bashobore kwakira abantu. Byongeye kandi, ibyo bikoresho bigomba gutanga uburyo bwo gukoresha intoki, ibimenyetso bya Braille, n’ibimenyetso by’amaso (nk’icyuma gifata cyangwa LED) kugira ngo byemezwe ko hari abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva.

Uretse ADA, amategeko yihariye y’inyubako nka NFPA 72 agenga uburyo itumanaho rishobora kubaho mu gihe cy’impanuka, akenshi bigasaba ko insinga z’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu byuma birebire zimara amasaha abiri. Mu rwego rwa ascenseur, ASME A17.1 na standard EN 81-28 yo mu Burayi itegeka kugenzura umurongo uhoraho n’ubushobozi bwo gutumanaho mu buryo bubiri. Imiryango itubahirije aya mahame yo kugera ku bantu no mu mutekano ihura n’akaga gakomeye; kurenga ku mategeko ya ADA ku nshuro ya mbere bishobora gutuma habaho ibihano by’imbonezamubano birenga $75.000, hamwe n’imanza z’imbonezamubano zishobora guterwa no kunanirwa inshingano zo kwita ku bantu.

Uburyo telefoni zihutirwa zigomba guhuzwa na sisitemu yo kohereza no gutanga amakuru

Terefone zigezweho zigezweho ntizikiri ibikoresho byigenga; zikora nk'ibintu by'ingenzi mu buryo bwagutse bw'umutekano. Zikoresheje protocole za SIP zifunguye na Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), izi endpoints zihuzwa neza na centralized Video Management Systems (VMS) na platforms zo kugenzura uburyo bwo kwinjira.

Iyo umukoresha akanda buto y’ubutabazi, sisitemu ishobora guhita iyobora kamera zo kugenzura za Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) kugera aho igikoresho kiri, akenshi mu masegonda 500. Ibi biha abashinzwe kohereza amakuru amakuru ako kanya mbere yuko bavugana n’uwahamagaye. Byongeye kandi, guhuza na sisitemu zo kumenyesha amakuru menshi bituma abashinzwe umutekano bakoresha umuvuduko ukabije w’amajwi.abavuga ijambo ry'umugaragaroyubatswe mu minara myinshi y’ubutabazi kugira ngo itange amabwiriza yo guhunga cyangwaibimenyesha ikirere gikazehirya no hino muri kaminuza cyangwa mu kigo cy’ubwikorezi.

Uburyo bwiza bwo gutanga amasoko, kohereza no kubungabunga

Gutanga no gukoresha neza telefoni zihutirwa bisaba uburyo bwo gucunga ubuzima bwose. Kuva ku bushakashatsi bwa mbere bw’aho ibikorwa bibera kugeza ku mikorere ihoraho yo kubungabunga, igenamigambi ryitondewe rituma ibikorwa remezo bikomeza kuba byizewe kandi bigahenda mu gihe cy’imyaka 10 kugeza kuri 15 biteganijwe.

Intambwe imiryango ikwiye gukurikiza mu gusuzuma no gushyira ahakorerwa ibikorwa

Gushyira mu bikorwa umuyoboro wa telefoni zihutirwa bitangirira ku isuzuma ryimbitse ry’ahantu hashobora kugaragara, aho abantu bashobora kugera, n’aho ibikorwa remezo biherereye. Abategura gahunda bagomba gushushanya ahantu hashobora guteza akaga gakomeye, nko mu nyubako zo guparika imodoka, inzira z’abanyamaguru, n’urwego rw’inzira zo munsi y’ubutaka. Igipimo gisanzwe cyo gushyira mu bikorwa porogaramu muri gareji ziparika imodoka gitegeka ko hashyirwaho telefoni imwe yihutirwa buri metero 200, kugira ngo umukoresha atarenga umuvuduko muke wo gufashwa kandi ko ibikoresho bikomeza kuba inzitizi ku bikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi.

Mu gihe cy'isuzuma, injeniyeri zigomba kugaragaza inzira zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi, uburyo amashanyarazi aboneka, n'imiterere y'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi. Inyigo zo kureba aho ibintu biherereye ni ingenzi cyane ku bidukikije byo hanze, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe iminara ikoresha ingufu z'izuba, kugira ngo habeho ubwiza buhagije ku zuba no gushyira antene mu mwanya mwiza wo gusimbuka imiyoboro y'amazi. Inyigo zirambuye ku hantu zibera zirinda impinduka zihenze mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no kwemeza ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya nyuma ryujuje intego zo kurengera no kubahiriza amategeko.

Ibitwara amafaranga, serivisi, n'ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ingenzi cyane

Igiciro cyose cy’ubukode (TCO) kuri telefoni zihutirwa kirenze kure ibyo waguze bwa mbere. Imiryango igomba kubara ibijyanye no gufunga imiyoboro y’amazi, gushyira insinga, gutanga uburenganzira, no gukomeza kubungabunga.

Kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga no kwemeza ko ari inyangamugayo, ibigo bigomba gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zo kugenzura zikoresha ikoranabuhanga. Telefoni zigezweho za VoIP zifasha mu gushakisha SIP mu buryo bwikora, zikoresha igikoresho buri masaha 12 kugeza kuri 24 kugira ngo zigenzure uburyo umuyoboro ukorana, imikorere ya mikoro, n'ubuziranenge bw'indangururamajwi. Ubu bushobozi bwo gusuzuma kure bugabanya cyane gukenera gupimwa n'intoki, imbonankubone, kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu mikorere, mu gihe habayeho ikibazo.

Uburyo bwo gushyira imbere ishoramari rya telefoni ritunguranye

Gutanga umutungo ku bikorwa remezo by’umutekano rusange bisaba uburyo bwo kuringaniza ibibazo by’umutekano byihutirwa n’iby’igihe kirekire mu bijyanye n’imari. Gushyira imbere ishoramari rya telefoni rikorwa mu buryo bwihutirwa bikubiyemo gusuzuma imiterere y’ibyago, igitutu cy’amategeko, n’icyerekezo cy’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda z’itumanaho.

Ni iki gipimo cy'ibyemezo gihuza uburyo bwo gukusanya amakuru, kubahiriza amategeko, ingaruka, n'ingengo y'imari

Uburyo buhamye bwo gufata ibyemezo butangirira ku buryo bw'ibanze bwo gusesengura ibyago bishobora kubaho, hagakorwa igenamigambi ry'ingaruka zishobora kubaho ku mutekano w'abantu. Uduce dufite ibyago byinshi kandi tutagaragara neza—nk'inkombe za kaminuza ziri kure, ingazi zitagenzurwa, n'ahantu ho gutwara abantu nijoro—tugomba kwitabwaho byihutirwa mu gushyira ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.

Ingengo y'imari ikunze kugena ko hashyirwaho iminara igenda igabanuka. Kubera ko sisitemu z'iminara zihujwe neza zitwara amafaranga ari hagati ya $5,000 na $8,000 kuri buri gice cy'iminara iyo hashyirwa mu bikorwa byo gusuka imiyoboro y'amazi no gusuka sima, ibigo bigomba kuringaniza uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro y'amazi n'iy'imari. Uburyo buvanze akenshi butanga umusaruro mwiza: gushyiraho iminara igaragara cyane mu nzira z'abanyamaguru, ikongerwamo n'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi duhenze kandi dushyirwa ku nkuta mu bice by'ibanze. Ibi bihuza inshingano zo kwita ku mikoreshereze y'imari n'imbibi z'amafaranga y'ibanze.

Ni izihe nyungu zo kuvugurura no kugura ibintu zishyigikira agaciro k'igihe kirekire

Agaciro k'igihe kirekire gashingiye cyane ku mahitamo y'amasoko akorwa muri iki gihe, cyane cyane ku bijyanye no kuvanaho ibikorwa remezo bya kera.Itegeko rya FCC 19-72, yemerera ibigo by’itumanaho guhagarika imiyoboro y’umuringa ishaje, gushora imari mu miyoboro mishya ya POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) ni ingamba z’umutungo zidafite aho zihuriye. Imiryango igomba gushyira imbere kugura imiyoboro ya IP cyangwa telefoni kugira ngo ihuze neza.

Kuvugurura ingamba bigomba kwibanda ku bikoresho by’ubwubatsi bifunguye. Mu guhitamo ibikoresho byubahirije SIP bidasaba seriveri zisanzwe, ibigo bigumana ubushobozi bwo guhindura abatanga itumanaho cyangwa urubuga rwa VMS mu gihe kizaza bitabanje gusibanganya no gusimbuza iherezo ry’ibikoresho. Ubu bwitange bwo gukorana neza no kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho byongera ubuzima bw’ishoramari, bikerekana ko umuyoboro wa telefoni zihutirwa ukomeza kuba inkingi ikomeye kandi ihindagurika y’ibikorwa remezo by’umutekano rusange mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu z'ingenzi zo gukoresha telefoni zihutirwa
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Kuki hashyirwaho telefoni zihutirwa kandi abantu benshi bafite telefoni zigezweho?

Batanga ahantu hadahinduka, hagaragara, kandi hazwi neza aho umuntu aherereye, hagakomeza gukora iyo bateri zigendanwa zipfuye cyangwa imiyoboro ya telefoni igendanwa ifunze.

Ni hehe telefoni zihutirwa zikora neza cyane?

Bakora neza cyane mu duce tw’ibinyabiziga, mu bigo by’amashuri makuru, mu mihanda minini, mu mapaki no mu nganda aho serivisi ziba nke, intera ari nini, cyangwa aho abantu bo mu gace runaka batabarwa byihuse.

Ni ibihe bisobanuro bya telefoni yo hanze ikeneye gutabara byihutirwa?

Shaka nibura IP66/IP67, IK09/IK10, amajwi yuzuye kandi yuzuye, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukora kuva kuri -40°C kugeza kuri +70°C kugira ngo ubone serivisi yizewe yo hanze.

Ese nkwiye guhitamo telefoni zigezweho za analog cyangwa VoIP?

Koresha analog aho ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imirongo bufite akamaro kandi umuringa ukabaho. Hitamo VoIP/SIP kugira ngo byoroshye guhuza, gukurikirana, no kwagura ukoresheje imiyoboro ya PoE.

Ese telefoni zihutirwa za Siniwo zishobora gukoreshwa ahantu hateje akaga cyangwa habi?

Yego. Siniwo itanga ibikoresho by'itumanaho ryihutirwa birwanya ikirere n'ibiturika ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, peteroli na gaze, ubwikorezi, ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, n'ahandi hantu hakenera ubufasha bwinshi.