Amakosa akunze kubaho mu gihe ugura telefoni zirinda guturika

Intangiriro

Kugura ibikoresho by'itumanaho ahantu hateje akaga ntabwo ari uguhitamo telefoni ikomeye ahubwo ni uguhuza igikoresho n'ingaruka nyazo zo gushya, ibyemezo, n'ibyo urubuga rusaba. Amakosa menshi yo kugura aba mbere y'uko abacuruzi bagereranywa, iyo ibyiciro by'ibyago bidasobanutse neza, amahame asabwa atumvikana neza, cyangwa ibikenewe mu buryo bufatika nk'urusaku, amashanyarazi, no gukoresha ibikoresho byo kubungabunga byirengagizwa. Iyi nkuru igaragaza amakosa akunze gukorwa n'ibigo iyo bihisemo telefoni zidashobora guturika, isobanura impamvu ayo makosa atera ibibazo by'umutekano, kubahiriza amategeko, cyangwa ikiguzi, kandi igaha abasomyi ishingiro risobanutse ryo gusuzuma ibisabwa mbere yo gufata ibyemezo birambuye byo gutanga amasoko.

Impamvu Terefone Zirinda Guturika Zigurwa Bitari byo

Kugura ibikoresho by'itumanaho bidaturika ni igikorwa gikomeye aho ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, amategeko akurikizwa, n'ingengo y'imari bihurirana. Iyo ibigo bigura nabitelefoni zidashobora guturikaIngaruka zabyo ntizigarukira ku nzitizi z’imikorere; zitera ibyago bikomeye byo gutwika ahantu hahindagurika cyangwa bigatuma habaho ikoreshwa ry’imari rikabije kandi ritari ngombwa. Nubwo ibi bikoresho ari ingenzi mu nganda zitunganya peteroli, inganda zikora imiti, n’izindi mbuga zo mu nyanja, itsinda rishinzwe gutanga amasoko rikunze gukora amakosa akomeye mu gihe cyo kubigena no kubishakira amasoko.

Intandaro y'ibiciro byinshi bitajyanye neza ni ukudahuza hagati y'imiterere y'ibidukikije biteje akaga n'ibitekerezo by'ubucuruzi biyobora ingendo y'amasoko. Mu gushyira mu byiciro aho inzira yo kugura yananiranye, abaguzi ba tekiniki n'abayobozi b'ibigo bashobora gukuraho ibibazo by'imiterere mu miyoboro yabo y'itumanaho.

Uburyo isuzuma ry'ibyago rito rituma abantu bagura nabi

Ikosa rikomeye mu kugura telefoni zidashobora guturika ni ugushingira ku byiciro by’ahantu hashobora guteza akaga byashaje, byagutse cyane, cyangwa bitanditse neza. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko akunze guhabwa amabwiriza adasobanutse yo kugura ibikoresho "bitekanye cyane" cyangwa "bidaturika" hatagaragajwe Akarere cyangwa Ishami nyaryo. Urugero, kwirengagiza Akarere ka 1 (ATEX) cyangwa telefoni zemewe zo mu cyiciro cya mbere, Ishami rya mbere (NEC) ku kigo gisaba gusa kubahiriza Akarere ka 2 cyangwa Ishami rya 2 ni ikosa rihenze. Iri suzuma rikabije rikunze kongera amafaranga akoreshwa mu gishoro ku kigero cya 40% kugeza kuri 60% kuri buri gice, kuko ibikoresho byo mu gace ka 1 bisaba ahantu hakomeye cyane ho gufunga no kunyura mu nzira zikomeye z'umuriro.

Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bidashyirwa ku rutonde bitewe n’isuzuma ry’ibyago rito bitera ibyago bikomeye. Iyo ikigo gitunganya hydrogen ariko isuzuma ntirigaragaze ko hakenewe icyemezo cya Gas Group IIC, abaguzi bashobora kugura telefoni za Group IIA cyangwa IIB batabishaka. Mu gihe habayeho ikosa, izi telefoni zidahawe amanota meza zidafite ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha umuriro w’imbere ushingiye kuri hydrogen, bigatuma telefoni ubwayo iba isoko y’ibanze y’umuriro.

Impamvu ibitekerezo ku biciro by'ubuzima bihindura ibyemezo

Uretse amafaranga y’ibanze akoreshwa mu gushora imari (CapEx), ibitekerezo by’ikiguzi cy’igihe cy’ubuzima bidafite ishingiro bihora bigoreka ibyemezo by’amasoko. Abaguzi bakunze gusuzuma telefoni zihanganye zidashobora guturika bashingiye gusa ku giciro cy’imashini zikoreshwa mbere, birengagiza amafaranga y’igihe kirekire akoreshwa mu mikorere (OpEx) asabwa kugira ngo hakomeze kubahiriza amategeko mu nganda zikomeye. Terefone yaguzwe ku giciro gisa n’aho gihanganye n’ibiciro by’amadolari 800 ishobora kwinjiza amafaranga arenga amadolari 2,500 mu ikoreshwa ry’isuku mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu iyo ikeneye ibikoresho byayo cyangwa serivisi zihariye zisaba abakozi benshi.

Byongeye kandi, abaguzi bakunze kunanirwa kwita ku gihe hagati y’igabanuka ry’ingufu (MTBF) n’ikiguzi cy’igihe cyo gukora. Mu gihe cyo gucukura mu mazi, gutsindwa kw’aho itumanaho ry’umutekano ribera bitewe n’ingufu cyangwa ubushuhe bw’amazi bihagarara vuba ntibihagarika gusa ibikorwa byo mu gace ahubwo binatwara ikiguzi kinini cy’ibikoresho byo kohereza abatekinisiye bemewe. Gushyira mu gaciro nibura amasaha 50.000 MTBF isabwa no gusuzuma ko hari ibice bisanzwe kandi byoroshye gusimburwa ni intambwe zidasubirwamo kugira ngo habeho igenamigambi ry’ibiciro nyaryo mu gihe cy’ubuzima.

Amakosa yo mu rwego rwa tekiniki y'ingenzi cyane

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki bigena umutekano n'imikorere myiza yaibikoresho by'itumanaho mu ngandaIyo abaguzi batumva nabi cyangwa birengagije ibisabwa bya tekiniki, bashobora gukoresha ibikoresho bidashobora kwihanganira ibidukikije cyangwa byoroshya itumanaho risobanutse neza mu gihe cy'impanuka. Gukoresha neza amabwiriza ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kwirinda ibi bibazo by'imikorere.

Uburyo bwo guhuza terefone n'agace kangiza ibidukikije

Ahantu hateje akaga hasaba guhuza neza ingaruka z’ibidukikije n’ibipimo by’impamyabushobozi ya telefoni. Uretse akarere cyangwa ishami ry’ibanze, abaguzi bagomba gusuzuma neza urwego rw’ubushyuhe (T-Class). Ikosa rikunze kubaho ni ugusaba amanota ya T6 bitari ngombwa (ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo hejuru bwa 85°C) mu gihe amanota ya T4 (135°C) ahagije rwose ku myuka runaka iriho. Gushyira hejuru T-Class bibangamira cyane amahitamo y’abagurisha kandi bikongera ibiciro nta nyungu ifatika itanga ku mutekano.

Byongeye kandi, protocole yihariye y'itumanaho igomba guhuza ibikorwa remezo by'ikigo. Abaguzi bakunze kugerageza guhuza telefoni za kera zirinda guturika za analog mu miyoboro igezweho ya IP bakoresheje uburyo bwo guhindura ikoranabuhanga bwa analog-to-digital butari bwemewe, ibyo bigatuma ihuriro ry'ahantu hashobora guteza akaga ritakurikizwa. Ibisobanuro bitaziguye bya telefoni za SIP/VoIP zemewe n'akarere runaka birakenewe kugira ngo hashyirweho uburyo bugezweho.

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gufunga, amanota ya IP, umusaruro w'amajwi, n'ibiranga telefoni bifite akamaro

Imiterere ya telefoni ni yo ituma ikomeza kubaho. Abaguzi bakunze kumva nabi amanota yo kwirinda kwinjira mu mazi (IP), bakeka ko IP66 (uburinzi ku nyanja zikomeye / indege zikomeye z'amazi) ari munsi ya IP67 (kwinjira mu mazi by'agateganyo). Mu bice byinshi byozamo ibikomoka kuri peteroli, uburinzi bwa IP66 bufite umuvuduko mwinshi mu by'ukuri ni ingenzi cyane kuruta uburinzi bwa IP67 bwo kwinjira mu mazi. Ibikoresho biyifunze bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kuramba; gushyiraho aluminiyumu isanzwe mu bidukikije byo mu mazi byangiza cyane aho gukoresha ikirahure cya Polyester (GRP) cyangwa Stainless Steel 316L bizatuma yangirika vuba.

Imikorere y'ijwi ni ikindi kintu gikunze kugaragara nabi. Mu duce tw'urusaku rwinshi nko mu byumba bya compressor, urusaku rwo mu kirere rushobora kurenza dB 100 byoroshye. Kugura telefoni idaturika ifite ringer isanzwe ya 80 dB (A) byemeza ko idahamagawe mu gihe cy'ibikorwa bikomeye. Ibisobanuro bigomba gusaba sisitemu y'amajwi cyangwa iy'amashusho, akenshi bisaba relay yubatswemo kugira ngo itere ijwi ryo hanze rya 110 dB (A) cyangwa beacon yemewe ya Xenon strobe. Insinga zo mu ntoki nazo zigomba gusuzumwa; insinga zisanzwe zizunguruka zikoreshwa mu nganda, bigasaba insinga z'icyuma kidashonga zifite imbaraga zo gukurura nibura 200kg.

Uburyo bwo kugereranya moderi neza

Gusuzuma moderi zihanganye bisaba kurenga udutabo tw’ubucuruzi no kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye ibipimo by’ingenzi by’ubuhanga. Abaguzi bagomba guhuza ibikoresho, icyemezo, n’ubushobozi bw’ijwi n’uburyo bwo gusohora amajwi n’uburyo bwo gupima kugira ngo hirindwe ko habaho gutsindwa mu gutanga amasoko.

Amakosa yo kubahiriza amategeko no kwemeza ubwishingizi afite ibyago byinshi

Gukurikiza amategeko ni nk'ishingiro ry'ibikoresho bishobora guteza akaga mu gace runaka. Ariko, imiterere y'amategeko ku isi yose iratandukanye cyane, kandi gusobanura nabi amahame agenga impamyabushobozi ni rimwe mu makosa akomeye cyane umuguzi ashobora gukora mu rwego rw'amategeko no mu rwego rw'imari. Gushyira ibikoresho mu buryo butubahirije amategeko ntibikuraho gusa ubwishingizi bw'ikigo ahubwo binashyira ikigo mu kaga gakomeye.

Impamvu kwitiranya amategeko ya ATEX, IECEx, NEC, n'amategeko y'ibanze biteza ibibazo

Imiterere y’isi yose yo kurinda ibisasu igengwa n’imiterere itandukanye kandi ishingiye ku miterere y’ubutaka. Ikosa rikomeye ribaho iyo amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko yemeza ko ibyemezo bishobora guhindurwa ku isi yose. Urugero, kugura telefoni ifite icyemezo cya ATEX cy’Uburayi 2014/34/EU hanyuma ukayishyira mu kigo cyo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru kigengwa n’amahame ya NEC 500/505 (OSHA) ni ukwica amategeko, nubwo ubushobozi bw’igikoresho mu by’ubuhanga buhagije mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga.

Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kwitiranya gahunda mpuzamahanga ya IECEx n'amabwiriza y'ibanze bitera gutinda gukomeye kw'imishinga. Nubwo IECEx ikoreshwa nk'ibanze ku bipimo ngenderwaho byinshi by'igihugu, ibihugu nka Ubushinwa (CCC Ex), Brezili (INMETRO), n'Uburusiya (EAC Ex) bisaba ibizamini byo mu gace runaka n'ibimenyetso by'impamyabushobozi. Abaguzi bananiwe kugaragaza icyemezo nyacyo cy'akarere gisabwa mu gusaba kwabo igiciro (RFQ) bakunze guhura n'ibibazo byo gufatirwa gasutamo cyangwa ku ngufu kongera gushyira mu bikorwa imishinga, bigatuma imishinga idindira mu mezi menshi.

Uburyo bwo kugenzura ibyemezo, ibirango, n'amadosiye ya tekiniki

Kwishingikiriza gusa ku kirego cy’umucuruzi cyo "kwirinda guturika" nta kwemeza inyandiko zishingiyeho ni ukunanirwa gukorerwa igenzura ry’ibanze. Abaguzi bagomba kugenzura neza icyemezo cy’ibizamini cya EU cyangwa inyandiko ihwanye nayo yo mu gace. Ibi bikubiyemo kugenzura nomero ya Notified Body (NB) no kwemeza ko icyemezo ari ukuri ku bubiko bw’ikigo gitanga kugira ngo barebe ko kitarahagarikwa cyangwa ngo gikurweho.

Byongeye kandi, icyapa cy'amakuru (ikirango) cy'igikoresho kigomba guhuza neza dosiye za tekiniki n'uburyo ikigo gishyira mu byiciro nyawo ibyago. Amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba kugenzura amatangazo y'uruganda agenzura ubuziranenge (urugero, ATEX QAN cyangwa IECEx QAR) kugira ngo arebe ko amahame agenga uruganda ahoraho. Kwanga abacuruzi bagaragaza ibipimo by'ubusembwa biri hejuru ya 1.5% cyangwa abadashobora gutanga raporo zuzuye kandi zikurikirana z'ibizamini kuri buri gikoresho ni ingamba ikenewe yo kugabanya ibyago.

Uburyo Gushaka, Gushyiraho, no Kubungabunga Byongera Ikiguzi cyose

Igiciro cyose cyo gutunga telefoni zidashobora guturika kirenze cyane itegeko rya mbere ryo kugura. Amakosa mu gushaka ibikoresho, uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibintu mu buryo budakwiye, hamwe n'amabwiriza yo kubungabunga yirengagijwe ahora yiyongera, bigatuma kugura ibintu bisa n'aho bihendutse bihinduka ikibazo cy'amafaranga gihoraho. Kugenzura izi mpinduka bisaba gucunga neza abacuruzi no gukurikiza cyane inzira zemewe zo gushyiraho.

Uburyo guhitamo abaguzi, igihe cyo kubashyikiriza, n'ibice bisigaye bigira ingaruka ku musaruro

Imiterere y'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku iterambere ry'ishyirwaho ry'itumanaho mu nganda. Ibikoresho bidaturika akenshi si ibicuruzwa bisanzwe; gucukura byihariye no gupima neza bivuze ko igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho akenshi kiba hagati y'ibyumweru 8 na 16. Abaguzi bananirwa gusobanura ibi bihe by'inganda bakunze gukoresha uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu mu kirere bwihuse, bishobora kongeraho 15% kugeza kuri 20% ku giciro cyose cy'umushinga bitewe n'uburemere bwinshi bw'ibice bifungiyemo.

Guhitamo abagurisha bigomba kandi gushyira imbere ishyirwaho ry’agateganyo ry’ibikenewe byoseibikoresho byemeweIyo umucuruzi ahagaritse ikarita y’ibanze cyangwa keypad yemewe n’amategeko nta yindi ijyanye n’igihe, telefoni yose igomba gutabwa iyo hagize ikibazo gito cy’ibice byayo. Kubona garanti y’amasezerano ku bijyanye no kuboneka kw’ibice by’inyongera mu gihe cy’imyaka 10 nyuma yo kugura ni uburinzi bukomeye bwo kudasaza.

Ni ayahe makosa yo gushyiraho no kubungabunga atera ibyago bishobora kwirindwa

Ndetse na telefoni yemewe cyane kandi idaturika iba ikibazo gikomeye iyo ishyizwemo nabi. Ikosa rikunze kubaho ni ugukoresha insinga zisanzwe zidafite icyemezo mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho. Iyo telefoni ya Ex d (irinda umuriro) ifite insinga idafite icyemezo, ubuziranenge bw'inzira y'umuriro buhita buhungabana, bigatuma icyemezo cyose cy'ihuriro cyose kidakoreshwa kandi bigatuma imyuka iturika inyura mu muyoboro w'amazi.

Amakosa yo kubungabunga ibintu na yo atera ingaruka zishobora kwirindwa. Amabati akomeye afunga ahantu hadashaje umuriro agomba gufungwa neza hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’uruganda. Kudakoresha imbaraga zisabwa—urugero, gufunga buhoro buhoro kuri 10 Nm iyo amabwiriza asaba 15 Nm—bisiga icyuho gito mu mapine yakozwe, bigatuma inzira y’umuriro idakora neza mu gihe cy’iturika ry’imbere. Gusana buri gihe bigomba gukorwa n’abatekinisiye bemewe na CompEx (cyangwa bangana nayo) gusa kugira ngo barebe ko ubwo buryo bw’ingenzi bukomeza kubaho.

Intambwe zo gutanga amasoko zinoza igereranya ry'abatanga serivisi

Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bihagarare, amatsinda ashinzwe gutanga amasoko agomba gushyira mu bikorwa isuzuma ry’imiterere ripima ibipimo by’ibikoresho n’imikorere hamwe n’ibiciro by’ibikoresho. Ibi bitanga ishusho rusange y’ubushobozi bw’abatanga ibicuruzwa.

Uburyo Abaguzi Bagomba Gufata Icyemezo cya Nyuma

Isozwa ry'itangwa ry'amasoko risaba guhuza ibisabwa mu by'ubuhanga, amabwiriza agenga imicungire, n'imbogamizi z'amafaranga mu cyemezo kimwe kandi gihuriweho cyo kugura. Abaguzi bagomba kureka gufata ibyemezo byonyine, aho gutanga amasoko bikurikirana igiciro gito mu gihe ubwubatsi busaba ibisobanuro byo hejuru bishoboka hatitawe ku bikenewe nyabyo.

Ni iyihe ngingo y'ibyemezo ihuza ikoranabuhanga, amasoko, n'ibikorwa

Uburyo bukomeye bwo gufata ibyemezo buhuza ibintu by'ingenzi by'ubwubatsi, amasoko, n'ibikorwa. Ubuhanga bugomba gushyiraho imbibi zikomeye: Akarere/Itsinda nyaryo, Itsinda rya Gazi, Icyiciro cy'Ubushyuhe, na protocole isabwa y'umuyoboro (urugero, SIP kuri IEEE 802.3af PoE). Ibikorwa bigena ibisabwa mu buryo bw'imikorere n'imikorere, nko kuba hakenewe keypad yuzuye ugereranije n'umurongo wa telefoni wikora, cyangwa guhuza sisitemu yo gutangaza ijwi rya 90 dB (A).

Inshingano z'amasoko muri uru rwego ni ugushaka ibikoresho byujuje ibi bipimo bidasubirwaho mu gihe cyo kunoza ikiguzi cyose cy'umutungo.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Imyanzuro y'ingenzi n'impamvu za telefoni zirinda guturika
• Ibisobanuro, kubahiriza amategeko, n'igenzura ry'ingaruka bikwiye kwemezwa mbere yo kwiyemeza
• Intambwe zikurikiraho zifatika n'ibyo abasomyi bashobora gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni irihe kosa rikunze kugaragara iyo ugura telefoni zirinda guturika?

Ukoresheje amanota adasobanutse neza y’ibyago. Buri gihe yemeza neza akarere/ishami, itsinda rya gazi, n’urwego rw’ubushyuhe mbere yo gutumiza kugira ngo wirinde ko ibintu bipimwa nabi cyangwa ko ibintu bipimwa cyane bitwara amafaranga menshi.

Ese buri gihe nkeneye amanota menshi ya ATEX cyangwa T6?

Oya. Kugura ibirenze ibisabwa by'aho hantu bishobora kongera ibiciro cyane. Huza icyemezo cya terefone n'isuzuma ryawe ryanditse ry'ahantu hashobora guteza akaga.

Kuki guhitamo protocole ari ingenzi kuri telefoni zirinda guturika?

Kutahuza neza bishobora kubangamira kubahiriza amategeko cyangwa bikagorana kuyishyiraho. Niba urubuga rwawe rukoresha IP PBX cyangwa VoIP, hitamo telefoni ya SIP yemewe aho kongeramo abahindura amakuru badafite ibyangombwa.

Ni ibihe bintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije ngomba gusuzuma mbere yo kugura?

Genzura amanota ya IP, kurwanya ingese, ijwi risohoka, n'uburambe bwa telefoni zigendanwa. Ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, cyangwa hanze, aya makuru akenshi ni ingenzi kimwe n'icyemezo cy'uko idaturika.

Ni gute Siniwo yafasha kugabanya amakosa yo kugura?

Siniwo itanga ubufasha budasanzwe kuva ku gushushanya no guhuza kugeza ku gushyiraho no kubungabunga, ifasha abaguzi guhuza telefoni zemewe kandi zidashobora guturika n'imiterere y'aho zikorera.